THEME 24. DEMOCRACY. МУНТЯН
1. Concept of democracy.
2. Modern democracy.
3. Democracy lessons.
The employment purpose: to analyse all forms of democracy and to stop on lacks and democracy lessons.
Democracy in the modern world is a set of the various political systems united only by the name and the most general principles. At the same time two opposite and complementary approaches which actually form a problem field of any democracies are known. One of them is connected with realisation by the people as a whole all completeness of the power, and thereby - in management of each person and group. The second is connected with a measure of participation of any person and the group, making the people, in self-management by political system as a whole. In the first case democracy appears democracy with strong accent on it всенародности, in other - democracy with a stress on authoritativeness and controllability of people (roles) forming these system and groups (institutes), that is on self-management.
Democracy in most cases consider as the political design, called to embody in the power set of supreme values (freedom, equality, justice etc.) Which express its social sense and mission. Treatments of democracy concern this group as democracy systems that quite corresponds to its etymology (греч. demos - the people, cratos - the power). Most capaciously and short essence of such understanding of democracy was expressed by A.Linkoln,having designated it as “the people power, the power for the people, the power by means of the people”. Supporters such (in political science it is called still as valuable) the approach concern also ZH.-ZH.Russo's understanding democracy as the form of expression of absolute power of the sovereign people adherents which, being political whole, denies value of the individual rights of the person and assumes exclusively direct forms of national will. Марксисты, leaning against idea of alienation of the rights of the individual in favour of collective, do an emphasis on class interests of proletariat which, in their opinion, reflect requirements of all workers and cause construction of "socialist democracy”. For liberal thought the main condition of formation of a social building of democracy are the values reflecting a priority not of collective (people), and the person. T.Gobbs, J. Lock, T.Jefferson and others have based on interpretation of democracy idea of the individual possessing private world, the primary right to freedom and security of the rights. On participation in the power they extended equality to all people without an exception. The state at such understanding of democracy was considered as neutral institute with function of protection of the individual rights and freedom.
And treatments of democracy resist to supporters of the understanding predetermined by values adherents of other approach, in political science called is rational-procedural. The philosophical base of such position is based that democracy is possible only in conditions when distribution of resources of the power to a society gets so wide character that any public group cannot suppress the contenders or keep imperious hegemony. In that case the most rational way out is compromise achievement in mutual division of functions and the powers, causing alternation of groups in power. These procedures and technologies of an establishment of a similar order also express a being of the democratic organisation of an imperious policy. One of the first such understanding of democracy M.Veber in the plebistsitarno-vozhdistskoj has fixed democracy theories. In its opinion, democracy represents means властвования, completely depreciating all concepts of "people's sovereignty", the general of "will of the people”, etc. the German scientist recognised that any organisation of representation of interests in the big societies forces out direct forms of democracy from a policy and establishes control over the power from bureaucracy. For protection of the interests citizens should transfer the rights of control of the power and management personnel to in public selected leader. Having such source of the legitimate power independent of bureaucracy, people also have an opportunity to realise the interests. Therefore democracy, according to Weber, is set of procedures and agreements, “when the people choose the leader to whom he trusts”.
II. In a modern political science have kept the place many ideas developed within the limits of specified approaches during an epoch of antiquity and the Middle Ages. They have been developed in a number of theories of new time when again becoming more active democratic complex всенародности began to be treated as a basis of the sovereignty of the new European nations:
The concept of representative democracy believes parliament the centre of all political process, the basis of the political power and unique expression of the general suffrage. Following the results of free and competitive elections citizens direct (delegate) to this high meeting of the representatives which during concrete term should express requirements and interests of certain groups of voters. James Madison (1751-1836) considered that the majority of the people too uneducatedly to operate, is too subject to influence of demagogy of populists and is inclined to infringement of interests of minority, and "pure", that is the straight line, democracy can degenerate in crowd board in this connection preferred representative forms of democracy;
- Idea партиципаторной (English participation - participation) the democracies which essence consists in obligatory execution by all citizens of those or other functions on an administrative office of a society and the state at all levels of political system. Authors “democracies for all” steels of Kerol Pejtman(the author of the term “democracy of participation”, a sort. 1940), Kroford MacPherson (1911-1987), Norberto Bobbio (a sort. 1909), etc. the Basic mechanisms of functioning of democracy of participation referenda, civil initiatives and a response, that is the preschedule termination of powers of elective persons are considered;
- Joseph Shumpeter (1883-1950) has put forward the theory democratic элитизма according to which the free and sovereign people possess in the politician rather limited functions, and democracy provides competition of elite for support and votes. He saw the main problem of democracy in selection of the qualified politicians operating, in formation демократически the focused elite;
- The considerable contribution to the democracy theory was brought by supporters of the democratic pluralism considered as type of the organisation of the power, formed in the conditions of its public dispersion (diffusion). In this case democracy assumes free game, competition of the various groups which are the basic motive power politicians, and also the institutes connected with their activity, ideas, views, for balance maintenance between which mechanisms of "controls" and "counterbalances" are used. For pluralists the democracy main destination - protection of requirements and the minority rights;
- The essential contribution to development of the democratic theory has brought Arend Lejphart (a sort. 1935), offered idea консоциативной (consociational), сообщественной democracies which assumes the system of board based not on a principle of participation of the majority, and on proportional representation in realisation of the power political, religious and ethnic groups. He underlined essence of democracy as procedural actions and has developed original model “divisions of the authorities” which provided the account of interests of the minority, not capable to get access to levers state managements. Лейпхарт has allocated four mechanisms, realising this problem: creation of the coalition governments; use of proportional representation of different groups at appointment to key posts; maintenance of the maximum autonomy to groups in the decision of the internal questions; Granting to groups at development of political ends of the veto that assumes use at final decision acceptance not usual, but the qualified majority of votes;
- Essential distribution to last years was received by the theories of the market democracy representing the organisation of given system of the power as analogue of economic system in which there is a constant exchange of "goods": sellers - power carriers change benefits, statuses, privileges for "support" of voters. Political action is understood only as electoral behaviour in which frameworks the voting certificate is treated as some kind of "purchase" or "investment", and voters basically are considered as passive "consumers" (Anthony Dauns, a sort. 1930);
- Occurrence of electronic systems in structure of mass communications has caused to life of idea of teledemocracy (киберократии). It has reflected known виртуализацию politicians in the present stage, simultaneously its occurrence testifies to occurrence of new problems in the field of maintenance of integration of a society, adjustment of relations with new общностями citizens, change of forms of control of the power behind the public, removals of some restrictions on political participation, estimations квалифицированности mass opinion, ways of its account etc.
III. Specificity and uniqueness of the democratic device of the power is expressed available at it universal ways and mechanisms of the organisation of a political order. In particular, such political system assumes:
- Maintenance of the equal right of all citizens on participation in a society and state administrative office;
- Regular selectivity of the basic authorities;
- Presence of the mechanisms providing relative advantage of the majority and respect of the rights of minority;
- An absolute priority of legal methods of departure and change of the power on the basis of constitutionalism;
- Professional character of board of elite;
- Control of the public over acceptance of the major political decisions;
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