THEME 10. THE CIVIL SOCIETY

The lecture purpose: consists in the analysis of research of a phenomenon of a civil society, revealing of its signs, society structures, in the complex analysis of the mechanism of meaningful dialogue of the state and a civil society in Kazakhstan.

Keywords: acivil society, signs of a civil society, principles of a civil society, structure of a civil society.

7.1. Modern concepts researches of a phenomenon of a civil society

7.2. The Problem of a civil society in a retrospective show of philosophical and political thought

7.3. Actual problems of the further perfection of the mechanism of meaningful dialogue of a civil society and the state in Kazakhstan.

The civil society represents one of key categories of a modern political science. In modern understanding the civil society is a society with the developed economic, cultural, legal and political relations between its members, independent of the state, but co-operating with it; this society of citizens of the high social, economic, political, cultural and moral status creating together with the state developed legal relations. Thus the reality of a civil society is defined by a parity of an ideal, the ideal project and really reached condition of a society which really carries out such project. It, basically, infinite process of perfection of a society, the power, a policy and the person, covering all without an exception of an aspect of life, also as processes of achievement of freedom, equality, justice and others social, political, moral and cultural values.

With is ideal-typological the points of view the civil society is:

- Some kind of social and sociocultural space in which are connected and individuals co-operate among themselves independent from each other and from the state;

- System of maintenance of ability to live social, sociocultural and spiritual spheres, their manufacture, reproduction and transfer from generation to generation;

- System of public institutes independent and independent of the state and relations which urged to provide conditions for socialisation and self-realisation of separate individuals and collectives, realisation of private interests and requirements, both individual, and collective.

Entering system of the public relations, the separate individual at all does not lose the personal beginning. From the moral point of view the person should not turn to simple means for which the prime target is the society, the state or other collective formation. The society in that case acts as the union of persons, without them it is deprived any sense. Quality of a society depends on quality of the persons making it setting the seal of the will, aspirations, moral reference points on formation of public life. The political scientists studying processes of formation and development of a civil society, on the first place put freedom and natural abilities of the separate individual as independent, independent unit of social action.

The special problem which has caused centuries-old polemic, relations of a civil society with the state are. Mutual relations of a civil society with the state are characterised, basically, following moments:

 Formation and development of a civil society contacts formation of bourgeois public relations, the statement of a principle of formal equality;

 he civil society is based on private and other patterns of ownership, market economy, political pluralism;

 The civil society exists along with the state as force rather independent and resisting to it which are with it in inconsistent unity;

 The civil society represents system which is constructed on the basis of horizontal communications between subjects (a coordination principle) and to which self-organising and self-controllability are peculiar;

 The civil society is community of the free citizens-proprietors realising in such quality, and consequently - ready to incur all completeness of economic and political responsibility for a society condition;

 To development of a civil society and formation of legal statehood there is a society and state rapprochement, their interosculation: in essence, the lawful state is a way of the organisation of a civil society, its political form;

 Interaction of a civil society and a lawful state is directed on formation of a legal society, on creation democratic socially-lawful state.

In division of political and social spheres, political and social functions one of the most important features of a civil society also consists. Here legal status of the person is separated from its social and economic role in a civil society. It simultaneously both the private person, and the citizen of a society. The sphere of private interests, wage labour and the private rights here is released from political control. It is observed certain split positions of a considerable part of people, on the one hand, as persons, members of a civil society, and, with another, - as citizens of the state, members of political community. This cleavage, in particular, is shown and that the majority of people even in the most democratic and stable countries of the world, the life-support dealt with by essential problems, pay insignificant attention to political sphere, considering it as far from life realities.

The civil society is inseparable from existence of legally issued, structurally fixed and psychologically provided pluralism any, including sociopolitical, activity, its material and ideological bases. Thus the private life sphere becomes a taboo for any political imperious intervention if to it there was no expression of free will of the person. Though and in this case transformation of a problem of this or that person into the public fact as intended action - is inadmissible. Degree of an embodiment of this imperative in realities of public life is the first indicator of existence of a civil society and its efficiency. In this plan, for example, the institute of civil freedom in its active functioning, and is even more exact - the institute of human rights is a measure of social responsibility in complete functioning of sociopolitical system.

From all components of the organisation and functioning of the democratic power the following is fundamentally essential to a civil society first of all:

Its legitimacy, that is authenticity of democratic reception of the mandate on the power from the people, the voters which will is really free and in civil-legal, in political and in the socially-psychological relation;

Generality, completeness of democratism, that is its reality in all forms of the power including in particular effectively operating dependence of the power on the law and a submission to control to it in spite of the fact that in the primary source politically power structures (lawful state) create this law and realise on own will;

Efficiency, that is it is how much real and on internal psychological motivation the mighty of this world realises the mandate received from the people, in interests of people how much they solve problems of their life not in forms of privileges for the elite, and in the forms socially providing for each possibility to create vital world.

The basic tendency of influence of a civil society on power structures and a policy as a whole consists in restriction and overcoming of political alienation. This tendency is realised by means of transformation of political action into technology of the decision of social problems, and power carriers - in hired workers of the civil society which political power over people and their associations is supposed only within necessity of execution of their functions and only at corresponding competence, ability to solve a problem of free development of the person and a society.

The main mission of a civil society consists in consensus achievement between various social forces and interests. It urged to define norms and the borders, capable to block destructive potential of struggle of various forces and to direct them to a creative channel.

In building of a civil society in modern conditions along with observance of human rights and the citizen socially responsible and under control action of the power, civilisation of basic principles of motivation of its behaviour on the foreground puts forward creation of a zone of social and economic safety of the person in relation to the state and to illegal structures. Safety means join also providing of access to public health services, formation, culture, the minimum bases of a choice of activity on the calling, socially guaranteed indemnification of labour expenses with a simultaneous interdiction of all forms of compulsion.

Principles, signs (features) and structure of a modern civil society. It is possible to specify a number of the most general ideas and the principles underlying any civil society, irrespective of specificity of this or that country. Them concern:

1) economic freedom, variety of patterns of ownership, market relations;

2) an unconditional recognition and protection of natural human rights and the citizen;

3) legitimacy of the democratic power;

4) equality of all before the law and justice, reliable legal security of the person;

5) a lawful state based on a principle of division and interaction of the authorities;

6) political and ideological pluralism, presence of legal opposition;

7) freedom of opinions, words and the press, independence of mass media;

8) non-interference of the state to private life of citizens, their mutual duties and responsibility;

9) the class world, partnership and the national consent;

10) the effective social policy providing a worthy standard of living of people.

For distinction of such difficult social phenomenon what the civil society at the present stage of its development is, it is useful to allocate its such lines, as:

· High consciousness of people;

· Their high material security on the basis of possession of the property;

· Wide communications between members of a society;

· Presence under control overcome alienation from a government society where its carriers are only the hired workers possessing corresponding competence, skill, ability to solve a society problem;

· Power decentralisation;

· Transfer of a part of the power to self-government institutions;

· The coordination of positions of the state and a civil society instead of conflicts between them;

· The developed feeling collectivity, provided with consciousness of an accessory to the general culture, a civilisation, the nation;

· The person of a civil society focused on creation, spiritual development.

Features of a modern civil society are closely connected with its structure, which components - various public formations and the public institutes providing conditions for realisation of private interests and requirements of individuals, the collectives, capable to "press" on the government to force it to serve a society. The structure in this sense represents an internal structure of a society, reflects variety and interaction of its components providing integrity and dynamism of development of this organism. It is possible to present structure of a modern civil society in the form of five basic systems reflecting corresponding spheres of its ability to live:

· Social system which covers set objectively generated communities people and mutual relations between them, that is a primary, basic layer of the civil society, making defining impact on ability to live of its other subsystems. Among them, first of all, it is necessary to designate the block of the relations connected with a continuation of the family human, by reproduction of the person, his life prolongation, education of children (these are the family and relation institutes caused by its existence, providing connection biological and social has begun in a society). The second block is made by the relations reflecting especially social essence of the person (these are concrete relations of the person with the person as directly, and in various collectives - clubs, public associations and etc.). The third block the mediated relations between big social общностями form people (groups, layers, classes, the nations, races);

· The economic system represents set of economic institutes and relations which people in the course of realisation of relations of the property, manufactures, distributions, an exchange and consumption of a cumulative public product enter. As a primary layer the relations of the property penetrating all fabric of economic relations and all cycle of a social production and consumption here act. Relations of manufacture of the material and non-material blessings make the second the most important for public system a structural layer. At the heart of manufacture the constructive labour of members of a society lies, therefore an integral part of economic relations are labour relations. More mediated and abstract character is carried by relations of production which owing to the specificity become independent of will and consciousness of the concrete person. As structural elements of economic system the private, municipal, joint-stock, co-operative enterprises, farms, individual private enterprises of citizens act. Relations of distribution, an exchange, consumption of a public cumulative product are an important component of economic system though they in certain degree function and within the limits of other system - social.

· The political system is made of complete self-regulated elements (organisations) - the states, political parties, political movements, associations and relations between them. The individual politically represents itself as the citizen, the deputy, the party member, the organisation. A deep, intrinsic layer here are relations concerning the power which penetrate political system in all its environments, at all stages of its existence. Imperious relations are rather various: these are relations between the state and other structural elements, between state structures and establishments etc. the Special place is occupied with the relations developing in connection with activity of political parties, with an ultimate goal as which the political (state) power acts always. Besides especially imperious, there is a whole scale of the political relations covering problems of association of citizens in the political organisations, freedom of speech, guarantees of suffrages of citizens, functioning of forms of direct democracy etc.;

· The spiritually-cultural system is formed of human relations, their associations, the state and a society as a whole concerning the spiritual and cultural blessings and the corresponding materialised institutes, establishments (educational, scientific, cultural, religious) through which these relations are realised. The mainframe in this sphere is made by the relations connected with formation which is the base in business of development of the human person. Its condition characterises prospects of development of a concrete society. Without formation cannot normally function not only spiritually-cultural sphere, but also public system as a whole. Vital for the person and the societies of the relation causing occurrence and development of a science, culture, religion. Ways of formation of these relations are various, their influence on the person is ambiguous, but consolidating factors are their orientation on preservation of historical experience, humanistic traditions, accumulation and development scientific, moral-spiritual, cultural values;

· The information system develops as a result of dialogue of people with each other directly and through mass media. As its structural elements the public, municipal and private organisations, establishments, the enterprises, and also citizens and their associations which are carrying out manufacture and release of mass media can act. Information relations have through character, they penetrate all spheres of a civil society.

It is necessary to underline especially that it is impossible to represent a civil society as a certain intermediate link between spheres of manufacture, a policy, the information, spiritually-cultural values, social relations for it on the functions plays the central role in ability to live of any state-organised society. Thus each of the mentioned systems can remain and function only when all the others also regularly carry out the functions Thus, the market economy, a civil society and political democracy are closely interconnected and interdependent.