EXERCISE 3 Match the methods with the description. Translate into Russian. The first one has already done.

The discriptions:

A)is a metal-joining process wherein coalescence (соединение) is produced by heating to suitable temperatures with or without the use of filler metal.

B) a substance that hardens under heat to bond pipes.

C)joining light-wall steel and copper pipe, metallic or nonmetallic that is being cut or rolled

D)pressure-type joint made with a filter metal that, when heated to its melting point, is drawn into the annular space between pipes and fitting by capillary action.

E)a continuous helical (винтовое зубчатое колесо) has threads on each end, making it possible to screw two pieces of pipe together.

F)consists of an inner elastometric gasket and an outer metallic sleeve with integral bolts for compressing the gasket.

The methods:

Compressed

Soldered

Threaded

Crimped (grooved)

Cemented

Welded

EXERCISE 4 Read and translate the texts "Valve body" and "Choke replacement", using the words after the texts.

Valve body

The body, sometimes called the shell, is the primary pressure boundary of a valve. It serves as the principal element of a valve assembly because it is the framework that holds everything together.

The body, the first pressure boundary of a valve, resists fluid pressure loads from connecting piping. It receives inlet and outlet piping through threaded, bolted, or welded joints.

Valve bodies are cast or forged into a variety of shapes. Although a sphere or a cylinder would theoretically be the most economical shape to resist fluid pressure when a valve is open, there are many other considerations. For example, many valves require a partition across the valve body to support the seat opening, which is the throttling orifice. With the valve closed, loading on the body is difficult to determine. The valve end connections also distort loads on a simple sphere and more complicated shapes. Ease of manufacture, assembly and costs are additional important considerations. Hence, the basic form of a valve body typically is not spherical, but ranges from simple block shapes to highly complex shapes in which the bonnet, a removable piece to make assembly possible, forms part of the pressure-resisting body.

Narrowing of the fluid passage (venture effect) is also a common method for reducing the overall size and cost of a valve. In other instances, large ends are added to the valve for connection into a larger line.

CHOKE REPLACEMENT

The choke used on wells with contained in produced fluids sand consists of a body with a tightly inserted steel bushing thermally treated or made of hard alloys. Steel gaskets are installed between the choke shoulder and flanges to provide for integrity. When the choke is to be replaced the flowing stream is switched over from the working line to the backup line by means of opening and closing relevant valves.

Two connections on the choke nipple must be unbolted in order to replace the choke, bottom bolts must not be removed from holes. Further, in order to remove the choke it is necessary to move aside the choke nipple, then turn it for 180°, remove from it the deteriorated choke and install a new one. The new choke must be installed in reserve order. Easily removed and adjustable chokes are used to make choke replacement faster and easier.

In order to change the choke flow area, the needle end must be moved to the bushing or from it by means of rotating the handwheel. The choke opening value is shown by the arrow on the indicator. Adjustable chokes can be applied only for wells with small content of sand in flowing fluids.

The words to be memorized:

1. primary pressure boundary – первичная защита от давления;

2. castor forged – отливаются или выковываются;

3. throttling orifice – дросселирующее отверстие;

4. venture effect – эффект Вентури;

5. valve body – корпус задвижки

6. bonnet – крышка корпуса (задвижки)

7. fitting – фитинг

8. adjustable choke –регулируемый штуцер

9. flow area – проходное сечение

10. inlet and outlet – входное и выходное отверстия

11. packing – уплотнение

12. gasket – уплотнительное металлическое кольцо

13. hand wheel – штурвал (задвижки)

14. integrity class – класс герметичности

15. nipple – ниппель

16. pressure drop – падение давления

17. reverse flow – обратный поток

18. rotary motion – вращательное движение

19. stop valves – запорная арматура

20. straight through valve – проходной клапан