EXERCISE 16 Read and translate the texts, using the words after the text.

Text 1

EMERGENCY SHUT DOWN SYSTEMS

Emergency Shut Down (ESD) systems are control systems used to safely shut down and isolate equipment at production facilities in the event of abnormal condition occurs which could damage the equipment or pose a hazard to operations personnel or the public. All field operations personnel should have a clear understanding of the function and operation of the ESD systems for the facilities they operate. They must know what control point activates the ESD and take action to maintain conditions within the control limits. They also must know how to reset the ESD devices in the event of a shut down and the procedures necessary to restart the equipment and re-arm the ESD system.

ESD systems can be as simple as a pressure-sensing device which trips a valve on the flow line from a well closed in the event of a high or low pressure in a pipeline or separator. It may also be as complicated as one which monitors various points in a production facility such as vessel pressures, levels, temperatures and flows, and activates isolation valves, stops pumps or compressors, heaters and so on, if any of the many points exceed the designed conditions. ESD systems can be designed only to shut down and isolate equipment, or activate valves that isolate equipment and depressure it to flare. No matter what the ESD system is designed to do, under no circumstances should any of the control points of the system be bypassed or tampered with.

If there are problems that must be corrected within the system, a review of this process should be made to ensure the suggested changes will not create hazards. Only then should the necessary changes be implemented. Too often, personnel bypass parts of the ESD system in an effort to overcome a perceived minor problem and forget about the change. Then an occasion arises where the ESD system should function but cannot and a catastrophic failure occurs resulting in loss of production, damage to equipment, injury and loss of life.

ESD systems are designed to provide a final safety back up in case something goes wrong and should not be made inoperative for any reason.

Text 2

WELLHEAD

The wellhead is the equipment used to maintain surface control of the well. It is usually made of steel, cast or forged, and machined to a close fit; and forms a seal to pre-vent well fluids from blowing or leaking at the surface. It is sometimes made up of many heavy fittings with certain parts of the wellhead designed to hold very high pressures. Other wellheads maybe just a simple assembly to support the weight of the tubing in the well, and may not be built to hold pressure.

The kind of head and configuration to be used is determined by well conditions. The high pressure wellhead is required where formation pressures are extremely high. High pressures found in some fields require the use of a heavy wellhead. In the fields where production and pressures are very low, the simple wellhead may be used if only small amounts of gas are produced with the oil.

The wellhead is formed of combinations of parts called the casing head, tubing head, X-mas tree and pressure gauges.

The words to be memorized:

1. Back pressure valve – обратный клапан;

2. Control point – контрольная точка;

3. Emergency shut down system – система аварийного отключения;

4. Floatcollar – муфта обсадной трубы с обратным клапаном;

5. Flow string – лифтовая колонна;

6. Guide shoe – направляющий башмак;

7. Heater – нагреватель;

8. Landing nipple – посадочный ниппель;

9. Perforate – перфорировать;

10. Pressure-sensing device – сенсор давления;

11. Reservoir pressure – пластовое давление;

12. Electrical submersible pump – электрический погружной насос

13. Tamper – трогать, портить.

14. Tamper Artificial lift – механизированная добыча;

15. Tubingless completion –заканчивание скважины без использования лифтовой колонны;

16. Valve – клапан; вентиль; золотник; затвор

EXERCISE 17 Answer questions about the texts.

1. What are emergency shutdown systems used for?

2. What must field personnel know about ESD systems?

3. Give examples of ESD systems.

4. What are the main purposes of ESD systems?

5. In which cases is it admissible to bypass ESD systems?

6. What must be done in case there are problems with ESD systems?

7. What can ESD system bypassing result in?

8. When are ESD systems used?

9. What is the wellhead?

10.What is the wellhead made?

11.Name the components of the wellhead

EXERCISE 18 Insert the omitted word from the text

1. ESD systems can be as simple as a __________ device which trips a valve on the flow line from a well closed in the event of a high or low pressure in a pipeline or separator.

2. The __________ wellhead is required where formation pressures are extremely high.

3. It is usually made of steel, cast or forged, and machined to a close fit; and forms a seal to pre-vent well __________ from blowing or leaking at the surface.

4. No matter what the ESD system is designed to do, under no circumstances should any of the __________ of the system be bypassed or tampered with.

5. It is sometimes made up of many heavy __________ with certain parts of the wellhead designed to hold very high pressures.

6. ESD systems can be designed only to shut down and isolate equipment, or activate __________ that isolate equipment and depressure it to flare.

7. The wellhead is formed of combinations of parts called the casing head, __________, X-mas tree and pressure gauges.

EXERCISE 19 Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations.

1. Pump

2. Isolation

3. Control limit

4. High pressure

5. Valve

6. Pressure-sensing

7. Fittings

8. Control points

9. Pressures gauges

EXERCISE 20 Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers with a partner. Use the texts 1, 2 if necessary.

1. The personnel should have a clear understanding of the function and operation of the ESD system.

2. Emergency Shut Down (ESD) systems isolate equipment at production facilities in the event of abnormal condition occurs which could damage the equipment or pose a hazard to operations personnel or the public.

3. The wellhead is usually made of glass, cast or forget, and machined to a close fit.

4. ESD systems can be as complex as a pressure-sensing device.

5. The ESD system exclude any catastrophic failure.

6. In the fields where production and pressures are very high, the simple wellhead may be used.