EXERCISE 13 Translate into English in written form.

1. Керноотборник в комбинации с керновым долотом используют для отбора керна.

2. Анализ керна показывает, в частности, как глубоко находятся нефтеносные пласты.

3. Основными инструментами для отбора керна являются породоразрушающий инструмент и керноприемные устройства.

4. Для сохранения керна во время бурения и при подъеме на поверхность в керноприемник устанавливают кернорватели, кернодержатели и клапан.

5. Существуют керноприемные устройства как со съемными керноприемниками, так и с несъемными.

6. При бурении шлам вымывается с забоя скважины буровым раствором.

7. Буровой раствор готовят в виброситах и закачивают в скважину при помощи бурового насоса.

EXERCISE 14 Find a word in the texts 1, 2 that has the same or similar meaning to the italicized word:

1. To drill wells

2. Drilling training

3. Construction of driveways

4. Suitable service

5. Drilling rig ingredients

6. Mechanical impairment

7. Drilling solute

8. Special liquid

9. Periphery slaughtering

10. Drill stem

EXERCISE 15 Make up dialogues on the topics:

1. Drilling

2. Chemical treatment of drilling mud

3. Core receivers

Chapter IV

TYPES OF DRILLING AND INCIDENT PREVENTION

Part 2

EXERCISE 1 Read and translate the text "Types of Oil Wells", using the words after the text.

Types of Oil Wells

Oil wells come in many varieties. By produced fluid, there can be wells that produce oil, wells that produce oil and natural gas, or wells that only produce natural gas. Natural gas is almost always a by-product of producing oil, since the small, light gas carbon chains come out of solution as it undergoes pressure reduction from the reservoir to the surface. Unwanted natural gas can actually be quite a disposal problem at the well site. If there is not a market for natural gas near the wellhead it is virtually valueless since it must be piped to the end user. Until recently, such unwanted gas was burned off at the wellsite, but due to environmental concerns this practice is becoming less and less common. Often, unwanted (or 'stranded'; gas without a market) gas is pumped back into the reservoir with an injection well for disposal or repressurizing the producing formation. Another solution is to export the natural gas as a liquid. Of course, in locations such as the United States with a high natural gas demand, pipelines are constructed to take the gas from the wellsite to the end consumer.

Another obvious way to classify oil wells is by land or offshore wells. There really is very little difference in the well itself; an offshore well simply targets a reservoir that also happens to be underneath an ocean. Also, due to logistics, drilling an offshore well is far more costly than an onshore well. By far the most common type of well is of the onshore variety. Another way to classify oil wells is by their purpose in contributing to the development of a resource. They can be characterized as:

• production wells when they are drilled primarily for producing oil or gas, once the\producing structure and characteristics are established

• appraisal wells when they are used to assess characteristics (such as flowrate) of a proven hydrocarbon accumulation

• exploration wells when they are drilled purely for exploratory (information gathering) purposes in a new area

• wildcat wells when a well is drilled, based on a large element of hope, in a frontier area where very little is known about the subsurface. In the early days of oil exploration in Texas, wildcats were common as productive areas were not yet established. In modern times, oil exploration in many areas has reached a very mature phase and the chances of finding oil simply by drilling at random are very low. Therefore, a lot more effort is placed in exploration and appraisal wells.

At a producing well site, active wells may be further categorized as:

• oil producers producing predominantly liquid hydrocarbons, but mostly with some associated gas.

• gas producers producing virtually entirely gaseous hydrocarbons.

• water injectors injecting water into the formation either to maintain reservoir pressure or simply to dispose of water produced with the hydrocarbons because even after treatment, it would be too oily and too saline to be considered clean for dumping overboard let alone into a fresh water source, in the case of onshore wells. Frequently, water injection has an element of reservoir management and produced water disposal.

• aquifer producers intentionally producing reservoir water for re-injection to manage pressure. This is in effect moving reservoir water from where it is not as useful, to where it is more useful. These wells will generally only be used if produced water from the oil or gas producers is insufficient for reservoir management purposes. Using aquifer produced water rather than sea water is due to the chemistry.

• gas injectors injecting gas into the reservoir often as a means of disposal or sequestering for later production, but also to maintain reservoir pressure.

Lahee classification

• New Field Wildcat (NFW) - far from other producing fields and on a structure that has not previously produced.

• New Pool Wildcat (NPW) - new pools on already producing structure.

• Deeper Pool Test (DPT) - on already producing structure and pool, but on a deeper pay zone.

• Shallower Pool Test (SPT) - on already producing structure and pool, but on a shallower pay zone.

• Outpost (OUT) - usually two or more locations from nearest productive area.

• Development Well (DEV) - can be on the extension of a pay zone, or between existing wells {Infill).

The words to be memorized:

aquifer – водоносный горизонт или пласт, законтурная зона пласта

by-product – побочный продукт

disposal – сброс, отведение, утилизация

dumping – сброс, утечка

gaseous – газовый, газообразный

injection(input) well – нагнетательная скважина

offshore well – морская скважина

onshore – береговой, прибрежный

on-structure well – скважина, расположенная в нефтеносной структуре

pay zone – продуктивная зона, продуктивный интервал

producing formation – продуктивный пласт

saline – соленый, минерализованный

wellhead – устье скважины

well site – буровая площадка