The democracy theory: a new ideal and variety of models

New time has offered distinct from antique the democracy theory, suitable for the big national states, which steels to arise during this period. Many ideas of this theory are claimed by the modern western countries. The French sociologist and historian Alexis Tokvill (1805-1859) who has stated the theory in the work «About democracy in America», written after its travel across the USA in 1832 was one of its founders

Proceeding from the analysis of political experience of this country, Tokvill has made a number of important conclusions. First, democracy distribution is the world tendency caused by the statement of social equality and decline of aristocracy. To stop it process it is impossible. Secondly, democracy possesses a number of advantages: «The essence of democratic board represents leadership of the majority »; democracy promotes well-being of the greatest number of citizens, provides a political freedom and wide participation of weights in management. All these advantages, according to Tokvillju, were most full embodied in the American political system, its establishments and the Constitution. Thirdly, except advantages, Tokvill has noted also democracy lacks, its imperfection. First of all democracy is threatened with the individualism which displays are egoism, political apathy of citizens, their growing indifference to public problems.

Founders of the American state and authors of the Constitution of the USA James Madison, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Gamilton (1757-1804) at all did not consider necessary direct control of citizens over realisation of important directions of a policy or over a choice of the chief executive. Recognising idea of people's sovereignty (it means that the people - a unique source of the political power), and elections - way of formation of imperious institutes, founders of the Constitution nevertheless not so trusted voters and were afraid of explosion of "national passions». Their constitutional reform of 1787 had strongly pronounced conservative character. A.Gamilton wrote: «It is said that the people voice is a voice Divine; but, though this saying by many is quoted and taken on trust, actually it is incorrect. The people possess

Violent customs and inconstancy; he is seldom capable to judge and solve correctly ».

To deprive the fraction of the majority formed as a result of elections, possibilities to suppress the minority right, J. Madison offered model of federal republic with representative board. According to this model, requirement of citizens should express a parliament of two houses which chambers provide the compromise between interests of the big and small states. Specific institutes for counteraction to an establishment of direct board of the people are created. So, the president is selected not all citizens directly, and an electoral college, judicial authority is appointed the president together with the Congress upper chamber - the senate. Besides, according to Madison, to the government also does not follow is boundless to trust. The government should have such structure that «its each making part could in the course of interaction with other parts be means of their restraint... Other ambitions» should be opposed Ambitions. Therefore in the American political system all branches of the power (legislative, executive and judicial) not only are divided, independent, but also are equivalent. So has been created механизм сдержек and counterbalances which provides till now efficiency and stability of the American political system.