Formation of representations about the politician in the states of the Ancient East

The data which have reached us on civilisations of the Ancient East (Ancient Egypt, Babylon, India and China) have kept fragmentary judgements about the state device, board art. Existing then representations about a public order at some features and distinctions started with the thesis about divine character of the power and the stateas component of a world space order. The irrigational system of agriculture connected with necessity of the compulsory organisation of the big weights of people for digging of channels, carrying out of sowing and harvest works, has caused domination of the despotic forms of government. Not casually reflexions of ancient thinkers about a society organisation had character of manuals for an everyday life and focused attention on duties of citizens more.

The Drevnekitajsky state represented a version of east despotism. The head of the state - a hereditary monarch - simultaneously was the first priest and the only thing zemlevla -

дельцем. He leant against rich estate of the hereditary ground aristocracy making machinery of state. The majority of the population was deprived of civil rights and formed estate dependent общинников and commoners. The relation between estates were strained: in the country revolts общинников often flashed, the aristocracy arranged plots and revolutions. On such social background the political thought developed in ancient China. It was pragmatic and tried to react to requirements of practice.

One of the most influential political doctrines was конфуцианство. Philosopher Konfutsy was its founder древнекитайский (551-479 BC) the Political doctrine of Konfutsija recognises that ideal board the state should lean against morals, in particular, on such ethical concepts, as "reciprocity", "golden mean" and "philanthrophy". These concepts make «a correct way» (дао) to which everyone who wishes to live in the consent with itself and with other people should follow.

«Noble мужи» (governors) should show care of the citizens, bring up their force of own moral example. As noble Konfutsy considered those who in the life follows moral precepts: be exacting to itself, live in the consent with others, in the affairs follow the path of duty also to the law etc. the State, on Konfutsiju, represents the big family where the governor is a father, and citizens - his sons.

The opposite system of the organisation of the state was offered легисты (legalists) - supporters древнекитайского the scientist Shang Yan (400-338 BC), aspiring to overcome decline of the state and to reach harmony and happiness by means of the law, that is strict regulations for which default severe punishments follow.

If Confucians glorified the father of the people the governor - the despot operating by means of system of cruel punishments was an ideal легистов, mutual responsibility and mutual informing. Only thus, they considered, it is possible to bring up true virtue.

The statement that people are imperfect and selfish was a starting position of political thought in Ancient India, they are not inclined to follow the debt (Dharma) meaningly. How to force people to fulfil justly the duties? One of the most known authors of Arthashastry tried to answer this question (treatises about the nature and the organisation of fair execution with people of the debt) - Kautili (IV century BC). Preservation by God of the order established on the earth, in its opinion, is possible with

The help of the wise and skilful governor. A wise sovereign should know that from it its citizens expect. It can force to fulfil them the duties, encouraging their correct actions. But the governor should suppress cruelly disobedience of the imperial power which should be strong as it - the main means of acquisition of new territories and riches augmentation.