Political actions, practice;

The policy world as object of a political science

The term "political science" is formed of a combination of two Greek words «politikё» (that meant a political order, the citizenship rights, the mechanism of realisation of the power) and «logos» (knowledge). Therefore the political science can be defined as the doctrine and a science about the politician. However similar definition encounters a polysemy of the term of "politician". It has led to that the various parties of a many-sided phenomenon of the world of a policy in a world political science are reflected by means of three English terms which simultaneously are its three major measurements:

1) polisy - realisation of the measures connected with distribution of resources and the blessings, accepted by the government; technology of a formulation of administrative decisions at various levels and the miscalculation of their social consequences, and also any actions undertaken because they are favourable and useful. All can be defined it as the policy maintenance;

2) polity - the form, the organisation and activity of the state or "governmental body", communication of the last with all citizens and other states;

Politics - struggle for access to the power, a gain of the governmental functions in the state, influence of not state political institutes on government decisions. All these interactions form political process.

For this reason the maintenance and borders of a political science are defined by interpretation of the world political.

A policy as the public phenomenon

Polysemy of the term of "politician"

It is obvious that the term of "politician" concerns appreciably challenged concepts,

Causing discussions and disputes to this day. As the special sphere of the human activity, which purpose - to focus social development in a direction favorable for the person by definition of overall aims and the co-ordinated means of their achievement, the policy has arisen more 2,5 millenia ago. However since then changed both the maintenance of the purposes, and ways of their achievement. Does not remain invariable and the maintenance

The term of "politician". In its interpretations every time on the foreground left, depending on the circumstances, those or other properties of the given public phenomenon.

Into a scientific turn the term of "politician" was entered by Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC). By its definition, the policy is a civilised form of a generality which served achievement of "general welfare" and «happy life». Aristotle considered as such form the antique policy (city-state).

If all citizens in the huge nations-states which have come in the stead to policies, the coordination of diverse interests of various groups was carried out by ruling elite directly participated in political management of small cities-states and leant against art of achievement and skilful use of the government.Not casually in 1515 the Italian public figure, the political thinker, scientific Nikkolo Makiavelli (1469-1527) defined a policy as «set of means which are necessary to come to power and it is useful to use it... So, the policy is the reference with the power, set by obligations and depending on power of the master or the people, and also from current situations».

In process of growth of a variety of interests and complication of forms of human activity the policy maintenance appeared more and more washed away as целеполагающее and ordering influence any more was not limited is state the organised activity, but got and into sphere of interaction of free individuals concerning realisation of their private interests. It has allowed an occasion to German sociologist Max Veberu (1864-1920) to notice that the policy «has extremely wide sense and covers all kinds of activity on an independent management. Speak about the currency policy of banks, about the discount policy of Imperial bank, about the politician of trade union during strike; it is possible to speak about the school policy of a city and rural community, about the politician of management supervising corporation, at last, even about the politician of the clever wife who aspires to operate the husband».

The modern understanding of a policy is multiple-valued. So, for example, in the third edition (1961) international dictionaries American лексикографа (1758-1843) politicians are defined by N.Uebster as follows:

The section of ethics connected more with the state and public organism as a whole, than with the separate person, a version (subsection) of the moral philosophy dealing with ethical relations and duties of the governments (imperious structures) or other social organisations; public and social ethics;

political actions, practice;