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ISRAEL’S IMPACT ON THE MIDDLE EAST, 1948-98

by Richard B. Parker

Whereas the Western world regarded the creation of Israel in May 1948 as a triumph for humanity-Israel's Arab neighbours saw the event as a catastrophe. The argument of the early Zionist leaders that the Jews, through their enterprise and skill, would bring the benefits of modernization to the Palestinian Arabs was not accepted by the latter. They did not think they needed such help, and they feared the usurpation of their ancestral homeland by foreigners who were supported by the major powers –the United States and the Soviet Union in particular.

The 1947 UN partition resolution proposed to divide the territory of Mandatory Palestine –the area between the Jordan River Valley and the Mediterranean Sea –into a Jewish state and an Arab state in economic union, with Jerusalem established as an international enclave. Although the 650,000 Jews in Palestine owned only 7% of the land, 55% of it was to go to the Jewish state, whereas the 1.2 million Palestinian Arabs would receive 45%. The Arab governments and the Palestinian Arabs rejected both the concept of partition and the terms of the resolution and decided to oppose it by force. In the armed struggle that followed, the Arabs, in spite of the intervention of Arab armies, were defeated by the better organized and equipped Jews, who ended up with 77% of the land.

For the Arabs the most immediate result was the creation of a refugee problem. Some 725,000 Arab Palestinians left the area that became Israel. Such direct testimony as exists indicated that many refugees left in fear as the fighting intensified. Others were "encouraged" to leave by Israeli psychological warfare, and a substantial number were expelled by the Israeli army, sometimes brutally. Despite a number of UN resolutions calling for repatriation of the refugees after the fighting stopped, the Israelis refused to permit it. The Israelis tended to emphasize the security problem that the return of the refugees would create, but the political problem was perhaps greater. Approximately 42% of the population of the area allocated to the Jewish state by the partition resolution was Arab, and, given differences in population-growth rates, the Arabs would soon have outnumbered the Jews. As it is, the 150,000 Arabs allowed to remain in the area controlled by Israel, plus their descendants, now number nearly one million.

The Arab states reacted by refusing to accept or recognize Israel and imposed an economic boycott on that country. Although this limited Israel's economic potential, it also imposed limitations on the Arabs. Aside from the loss of well-established markets for their produce and labour, Syria and Jordan could no longer use the oil refinery and port of Haifa, and the Iraq Petroleum Co.'s oil pipeline across the desert from Baghdad had to be rerouted. Jordan had no access to the sea except through the port of Aqaba, to which there was no paved road. Land communication between Egypt and the Arab states east of the Jordan became impossible. To avoid overflying Israel, air routes had to be changed, often at considerable expense, and the transit trade through Haifa, which had been important to Jordan and Palestine, shifted to Beirut. These obstacles were overcome in time, but it required wrenching adjustments in trade patterns and the severe loss of income to towns like Jerusalem, which had benefited from the flow of goods and tourists between the Mediterranean and the Arab hinterland to the East. Ironically, Israel, forced by the boycott to leapfrog over its neighbours to find markets, became a major exporter of technology throughout the world and in 1998 had a per capita income and physical quality of life far superior to other nations in the region.

The Palestine problem also became an overriding issue in Arab politics and a source of much tension and instability. In both Syria and Egypt, and eventually in Iraq, the incompetence of the old regime in the 1948 war was a major justification for seizure of power by the military, and Jordan's King Abdullah was assassinated in 1 95 1 because he had dealt directly with the Israelis on a division of the spoils in Palestine.

A desire to avenge the 1948 defeat and fears of Israeli expansionism became an obsession with the Arabs. Enormous amounts of money that could have gone to social and economic programs were spent on armaments and military preparations. Israel responded in kind, and the "Near East" (the Arab states and Israel plus Iran) became the less-developed world's largest importer of weapons. Three major Arab-Israeli wars causing tens of thousands of casualties were fought – in 1956, 1967, and 1973 – before any movement toward a meaningful peace began .

Israel is at peace with Egypt and Jordan but not with Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, or Saudi Arabia. It has the substance, if not the form, of diplomatic relations with Morocco, Tunisia, Oman, and Qatar. Its 1 994 treaty with Jordan, as well as regional economic conferences in which it has participated, has raised hope for meaningful economic cooperation with the Arab world, but results to date have been limited, in part because Israel is no longer as interested in Arab markets as it once was but also because of Arab dissatisfaction with the lack of progress in implementation of the Oslo accords between Israel and the Palestinians signed in the U.S. on Aug. 13, 1993. These accords set forth a six-year program for arrival at a final Israeli settlement with the Palestinians. Significant progress has been made, but major differences remain regarding such issues as territory, creation of a Palestinian state, the status of Jerusalem, and the refugees. In the absence of agreement on those problems, and in the absence of peace with Syria, Israel has remained a nakba, or disaster, as far as most Arabs are concerned.

There have been multiple efforts to get both sides to agree to a ceasefire, but truces have been short-lived.

The first truce plan was proposed by Egypt after one week – Israel accepted it but Hamas said it was not consulted and later on rejected it as "a surrender".

There were several attempts to stop the fighting over the following weeks, including trying to achieve pauses for humanitarian reasons. There were brief respites but none which endured. Israel says it accepted successive truce proposals but resumed fire after renewed rocket attacks from militants.

The negotiations will resume amid challenging circumstances for both sides…

Richard B. Parker is a scholar in residence at the Middle East Institute, Washington, D.C.

Exercise 10 .

Give the Russian equivalents:

1. to regard the creation of Israel in 1948 as a triumph, to see the event as a catastrophe, to bring the benefits of modernization to the Palestinian Arabs, to reject both the concept of partition and the terms of the resolution, to oppose something by force, the better organized and equipped Jews, to intensify the fighting, to limit Israel’s economic potential, to impose limitations, at considerable expense

2. to transit trade through Haifa, to become a major exporter of technology throughout the world, physical quality of life far superior to other nations, a major justification for seizure of power by the military, to deal directly with the Israelis on a division of the spoils in Palestine, to become an obsession with the Arabs, to become the less-developed world’s largest importer of weapons, to begin a meaningful peace, to set a six-year program, a final Israeli settlement with the Palestinians, in the absence of agreement on those problems

Exercise 11.

Give the English equivalents:

1.бояться иностранной интервенции, разделить Палестину, Иерусалим, провозглашённый международным анклавом, условия резолюции, оказать силовой отпор, возникновение проблемы беженцев, вытеснять подавляющее большинство палестинцев, несмотря на ряд резолюций ООН о репатриации беженцев, подчеркнуть проблему безопасности;

2. превзойти по численности, отказаться признать Израиль, объявить экономический бойкот, перейти к Бейруту, вовремя преодолеть препятствия, ключевой вопрос, провал старого режима, быть убитым, желание отомстить, глубокое экономическое сотрудничество, выполнить соглашения, шестилетняя программа, вопросы, касающиеся территории создания палестинского государства, статуса Иерусалима; проблемы беженцев.

Exercise 12.

Comprehension check :

1. What did the 1947 UN resolution propose to do?

2. What was the most immediate result of the division Palestine for the Arabs?

3. How did the Israelis and the Arabs react to a number of UN resolutions?

5. What kind of limitations were imposed on the Arabs?

6. How did the limitations influence Syria and Jordan?

7. What was done to avoid overflying Israel?

8. How were all the mentioned obstacles overcome?

9. What was the pretext of the major Arab- Israeli wars?

10. What were the results of the Oslo negotiations?

11. What did Oslo accords set?

12. Why were the Arabs dissatisfied with the results of the Oslo talks?

13. What do the major differences concern?

Exercise 13