Fill in the gaps with the following words. latent / substrate / penetration / maintained / exposure / overall / cease

latent / substrate / penetration / maintained / exposure / overall / cease

Polyps are cylindrical and are usually found attached to a firm ______________.

Cleavage is the rapid division of the newly formed zygote into a mass of cells, without any increase in ______________ size.

The body’s organization cannot be ______________ without severely limiting cell proliferation.

The reason why HIV remains hidden for so long seems to be that its infection cycle continues throughout the 8- to 10-year ______________ period without doing serious harm to the infected person.

Many point mutations occur spontaneously, without ______________ to radiation or mutagenic chemicals.

The outermost layer of the vertebrate body, the skin, is the first barrier to ______________ by microbes.

The ability to ______________ growth allows plants to wait out the bad times.

Make verbs out of the nouns in the table below

Translate into Russian

1. These differentiated duplications will remain linked on the chromosome only if there is some selective value to the association; otherwise we would expect them to be eventually broken up through chromosomal rearrangements.

2. We can expect the thread to have unbalanced forces; otherwise it could not unite with myosin to form actomyosin.

3. We are accustomed to see enzymatic reactions increase their rate 2-3 times if we raise the temperature by 10° C.

4. Guilliermond considers the vacuoles to be colloid systems with strong imbibing capacity.

5. The behaviour of synthetic peptides discussed above raises the question of how stable we can expect the three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule to be.'

6. The X-ray diffraction patterns of these crystals show both types of particle to be roughly spherical.

7. Electron micrographs of isolated and partially fragmented chloroplast lamellae have shown the inner surface of their membranes to be covered with oval discs.

8. More detailed analysis invariably shows this appearance to be only superficial.

9. Equally dramatic advances have been made in a field which we might expect to be much more complex: human genetics.

10. We can expect poisons to exert their biological effect on enzymes.

11. There are a number of interesting observations that point in the direction in which we can expect progress to be made.

12. Since we can expect the prosthetic group to be at least part of the active site of the enzyme, we have the opportunity to study the structural chemistry of this region.

13. We expect entirely new properties to develop when these molecules or molecular aggregates interact with water forming with it a new and unique system.

14. Kosower et al. have shown DPN (diphosphopyridine nucleotide) to be a good electron donor.

15. We can place the solution of reductant and oxidant into two different beakers and make the electrons pass from the one to the other through the wire.

16. These examples may suffice to show the К values to be most valuable tools of research and understanding.

17. In such a case we can expect the electron to pass spontaneously from donor to acceptor, and to resonate between the two molecules.

18. So we can expect the plot of frequency versus ionization potential to yield a straight line where much energy is needed for the transfer.

19. However, as we come to longer wavelength we can expect the curve to deviate from the straight line and become eventually asymptotic.

20. They actually found in photolytic experiment such complexes to give a triplet emission.

21. We can expect the I₂ and steroid to form a complex.

22. We can wet the paper, thus exposing the complex to the desired heteropolar solvent, expecting a charge transfer to take place and declare itself by a change in spectral properties.

23. If the extraordinary biological activity of the drug in question is due to an electron transfer then we can also expect that drug to have exceptional qualities as electron donor or acceptor.

UNIT 5 Plants and Plant Communities

While an animal can choose its environment to best suit its energetics, plants are pretty well stuck with whatever environment happens to exist at the location and time of their growth. Over generations, selection and adaptation result in leaf morphologies, canopy structures, etc. which give the plants native to a particular environment a competitive advantage for that location. Desert plants that experience frequent shortages of water, for example, tend to have narrow leaves, while leaves of plants from more moist environments may be much larger. We might ask ourselves what environmental limitations there are to leaf size and other leaf characteristics related to energy exchange, or whether there is an optimum leaf form for a particular leaf environment. Answers to questions like these have obvious application in managed ecosystems such as agriculture. The answers are likely to be found both in studying the physics of energy and mass exchange, and in observing the characteristics of natural plants and plant communities in different environments.

Three factors must be favorable for a leaf to remain alive. Average net photosynthesis must be positive and the leaf water potential and temperature must remain within non-lethal bounds. Mature leaves apparently have no mechanism for importing sugars, so a leaf which is not able to maintain a positive net photosynthesis abscises. Net photosynthetic rate is determined by environmental factors and by the water balance of the leaf. To get a clear picture of plant responses to environment the environmental effects on leaf temperature, leaf water balance, and photosynthesis need to be considered.

So-called big leaf models are often used to model temperature, transpiration, and photosynthesis in plant communities. The equations for such models are similar to those for individual leaves, but with conductances adjusted appropriately. We first consider the effects of environment on transpiration and leaf or canopy temperature, and then present several models that relate photosynthesis to light, temperature, and transpiration. Finally, we combine the photosynthesis and energy balance equations to predict response of photosynthesis to plant and environmental variables, and attempt to specify optimum leaf form for a particular environment.

Define the following words using a dictionary

Energetics, morphology, conductance, appropriately, canopy, an ecosystem

Complete the sentences

1. While an animal can choose its environment…
2. We might ask ourselves…
3. Answers to questions like these…
4. The answers are likely to be found…
5. To get a clear picture of plant responses…
6. The equations for such models are similar to…
7. We first consider…
8. Finally, we combine…