Fill in the gaps with the following words and word combinations. obvious / variability / random / fluttering / scale / except for / frictional / due to / dissipation

obvious / variability / random / fluttering / scale / except for / frictional / due to / dissipation

Animal and wind dispersal of pollen increases genetic ______________ in a species.

______________ molecular motion results in a net movement of molecules to regions of lower concentration.

Acting through the control of motor neurons, the hypothalamus responds by promoting the ______________ of heat through sweating, dilation of blood vessels in the skin, and other mechanisms.

Phase change can be morphologically ______________ or very subtle.

The ______________ of an eyelash, the flight of an eagle, and the awkward crawling of a baby all depend on cytoskeletal movements within muscle cells.

The physical restraints to movement - gravity and ______________ drag - are the same in every environment, differing only in degree.

In adult insects, the wings are solid ______________ the veins.

The pleural membranes package each lung separately—if one collapses ______________ a perforation of the membranes, the other lung can still function.

On a finer ______________, evolutionary change within some types of animals is known in exceptional detail.

Translate into Russian

1. Kainer, Bijl, and Rose-Innes were the first to apply electron spin resonance to charge transfer complexes.

2. The major problem to be considered in this discussion is the mechanism by which this absorption takes place.

3. The conclusion to be made from Ihormar's work is that the setback reactions in Tetrahymena vary through the generations and show sharp discontinuities.

4. The lower limit of the size of structures to be analyzed is set by the resolving power of the magnifying system.

5. The smallest amount of a substance to be quantitated by absorption spectrography is set by the absorption coefficient of the substance.

6. These analyses were preceded by studies on the optical properties of the particular cells and the substances to be determined.

7. Crane was one of the first to show that the linear assembly of identical units would lead to a helical structure.

8. There is much evidence, to be considered later, that the existence of these ionizing groups has much to do with the catalytic activity of enzymes.

9. The question then to be settled is how many molecules enter into reaction.

10. The obvious conclusion to draw is that the reaction occurs in a single step.

11. To estimate the purity of an enzyme preparation, the initial rate is divided by the total amount of protein present.

12. In order to be able to act as a catalytic electron transmitter the substance in question has to be both a good electron donor and acceptor.

13. So sum up, all three methods of measurement and expressions have their merits and shortcomings and at present there is no universally applicable method available.

14. In order to get around in the oxidative cycle, the electron must wander from substance to substance, and thus have a certain mobility.

15. So sum up, we can thus state that charge transfer opens diverse, new, important, and intriguing possibilities.

16. It is not the intention of the author to attempt to give an answer to the unsolved problem outlined at the outset. All he hopes to do is to show that some of these problems if looked at through the glasses of the submolecular, may appear in fresh light.

17. To be correct, this work on the thymus is not my work at all but a joint work, started in association with Jane McLaughlin.

18. To convince oneself of this, one has to look only at the intense brown coloration.

19. To summarize the above discussion, one may list several differences in the actions of UV and X-rays on the lysogenic system.

20. To ensure accurate placing of such shields, some workers have preferred to immobilize their animals with anesthetic.

21. To describe the various transplant situations, the following terms have been found useful.

22. In order to treat the problem of the contribution to the activation energy brought about by the addition of neutral salts, a similar type of treatment is applied to equation 76.

23. The object of the present chapter is to give a brief review of what has been learnt about the mechanisms by which enzymes bring about their effects.

24. In 1944 only proteins were considered to be sufficiently complex to determine cellular specificity and heredity.

UNIT 4 Complexities of Animal Energetics

The models we have presented for organism-environment interaction can be very useful for analyzing organism response to environment and understanding the most important factors in the animal environment. There are many cases, however, where our simplifying assumptions are too restrictive, and can lead to incorrect conclusions. The limitations we have imposed on latent heat loss exclude any analysis of sweating. We also failed to consider heat loss by conduction to the ground or other substrate. Perhaps the most serious omissions are a failure to consider the possibility that radiation can penetrate the animal coat, and the failure to consider the three-dimensional nature of the animal. To add these complexities goes beyond the objectives of this book, but excellent work has been done in both areas, and we briefly refer to the results of that work.

Our energy balance equations are essentially for a one-dimensional animal. We assume that the heat is well enough mixed internally to maintain an essentially constant internal temperature. We also chose a single characteristic dimension and a single R_abs value for the animal in spite of the fact that we know both of these values vary widely over the surface of the animal. Coat conductance also varies substantially from place to place depending on the thickness of the coat and exposure to wind. Bakken (1981) addressed these issues with what he calls a two-dimensional operative temperature model. This new model just divides the animal up into many zones (head, legs, body in sun, body in shade, etc.), each of which can be adequately analyzed. An operative temperature for each zone is also computed. The overall energy budget is then just the area-weighted average of all zones. From this kind of analysis he concludes that in strong wind or sun the one-dimensional model can give substantially different results than the two-dimensional model. In one example, the operative temperature from the two-dimensional model was 6°C lower than for the one-dimensional model.

If radiation penetrates the coat of an animal, the location of energy absorption ceases to be the outer boundary of the coat. Dissipation of heat, however, still occurs at the outer boundary, so the effective radiation heat load on the animal is higher. This is a kind of miniature greenhouse effect.

Define the following words using a dictionary

Assumption, restrictive, latent, omission, substantially, overall, to cease, dissipation

Complete the sentences

1. The models we have presented…

2. There are many cases, however, where…

3. The limitations we have imposed…

4. Perhaps the most serious omissions are...

5. To add these complexities…

6. We assume that…

7. We also chose…

8. From this kind of analysis the author concludes that…