UNIT 2 Wind

As living organisms, we are most acutely aware of three things about the wind. We know that it exerts a force on us and other objects against which it blows, it is effective in transporting heat from us, and it is highly variable in space and time. A fourth property of the wind, less obvious to the casual observer, but essential to terrestrial life as we know it, is its effective mixing of the atmospheric boundary layer of the earth. This can be illustrated by a simple example. On a hot summer day about 10 kilograms (555 moles) of water can be evaporated into the atmosphere from each square meter of vegetated ground surface. This amount of water would increase the vapor concentration in a 100 m thick air layer by 100 g m^-3 (136 mmol/mol) if there were no transport out of this layer or condensation within it. This is much more water than the air could hold at normal temperature. The observed increase in vapor concentration in the first 100 meters of the atmosphere is typically less than 1 g m^-3, so we can see how effective the atmosphere is for transporting and mixing. A similar calculation (Monteith, 1973) shows that photosynthesis in a normally growing crop would use all of the CO₂ in a 30 m air layer above a crop in a day, yet measured CO₂ concentrations have diurnal fluctuations of 15 percent or less. Without the vertical turbulent transport of heat, water vapor, CO₂, oxygen, and other atmospheric constituents, the microenvironment we live in would be very inhospitable.

The influence of the surface on the atmosphere of the earth can extend from hundreds of meters at night to several thousand meters during days when surface heating is strong. This depth of influence of the surface on the atmosphere is called the planetary boundary layer. Through the depth of this planetary boundary layer, like all boundary layers that form between moving fluids and stationary surfaces, fluxes of momentum, heat, and mass decrease with height. The lowest 50 m of this planetary boundary layer is referred to as the surface layer; this is the region of most interest. In this region fluxes of momentum, heat, and mass are virtually constant with height and profiles of wind speed, temperature, and concentration are logarithmic.

Define the following words using a dictionary

To be aware of, a property, terrestrial, diurnal, microenvironment, inhospitable, momentum, a boundary.

Complete the sentences

1. We know that the wind…
2. As living organisms, we are..
3. This can be illustrated by…
4. A similar calculation shows that…
5. Without the vertical turbulent transport of heat,..
6. The influence of the surface on the atmosphere of the earth…
7. Through the depth of this planetary boundary layer,…
8. The lowest 50 m of this planetary boundary layer…