Types of cell references

Absolute – This means the cell reference stays the same if you copy or move the cell to any other cell. This is done by anchoring the row and column, so it does not change when copied or moved.

Relative – Relative referencing means that the cell address changes as you copy or move it; i.e. the cell reference is relative to its location.

Mixed – This means you can choose to anchor either the row or the column when you copy or move the cell, so that one changes and the other does not. For example, you could anchor the row reference then move a cell down two rows and across four columns and the row reference stays the same. We will explain this further below.

Absolute reference

Formulas and Functions

A formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell. Functions are predefined formulas and are already available in Excel.

For example, cell A3 below contains a formula which adds the value of cell A2 to the value of cell A1.

Enter a Formula

To enter a formula, execute the following steps.

1. Select a cell.

2. To let Excel know that you want to enter a formula, type an equal sign (=).

3. For example, type the formula A1+A2.

Tip: instead of typing A1 and A2, simply select cell A1 and cell A2.

4. Change the value of cell A1 to 3.

Excel automatically recalculates the value of cell A3. This is one of Excel's most powerful features!

Lecture № 7

Subject: Networks and telecommunications

A computer networkconsists of communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or more computer systems and/or devices. Computer networks are essential to modern organizations for many reasons. First, networked computer systems enable organizations to be more flexible and adaptable to meet rapidly changing business conditions. Second, networks enable companies to share hardware, computer applications, and databases across the organization. Third, networks make it possible for geographically dispersed employees and workgroups to share documents, ideas, opinions, and creative insights, encouraging teamwork, innovation, and more efficient and effective interactions. Finally, the network is increasingly the link between businesses and between businesses and their customers. Because people need to communicate over long as well as short distances, the geographic size of data communications networks is important. There are two general network sizes: local area networks and wide area networks. A “metropolitan” area network falls between the two in size.