Добавка по лекции о власти Мунтяна

The basic components of structure of the political power are objects and subjects, means (resources) and the process actuating all its elements and characterised by the mechanism and the ways of interaction between partners:

- The subject of the political power - the active, directing beginning of the power (the state and its institutes, political elite and leaders, political parties) which possesses certain qualities and forms the maintenance of imperious interaction through orders, orders, administrative personnel activity;

- The object of the political power (the individual, social group, a class, a society)-if is not present it, there is no also a power. The relation of object to the subject властвования can vary from fierce resistance to voluntary, perceived with pleasure, obedience. Submission also is naturally inherent in a human society, as well as a management;

- Resources - set of the means, which use provides influence on object of the power according to the purposes of the subject властвования. They can be utilitarian, compulsory and standard. Material and other social blessings concern utilitarian resources; to compulsory resources - measures of criminal and administrative influence; to standard resources - levers on private world, valuable orientations and norms of behaviour of the person. Resources concern:

Economic - material assets, money, the earth, minerals, etc.;

Power - the weapon, army, guarding structures;

Social - various privileges of the power, personnel selection;

Information - mass-media, knowledge and the information;

Legal - the constitution, laws, program documents of parties;

Demographic - the person as a resource creating other resources.

IV. Among functions of the political powerfour are allocated as the cores:

1) development of strategy of an administrative office of a society. Here two basic methods of actions are possible: a rigid regulation of social and economic, cultural-spiritual processes or indirect political influence when the power regulates not public processes, and the factors influencing their development;

2) protection of the basic political values fixed in constitutions. Among them four groups of values round which, actually, and all political life concentrates are allocated:

- National-state security and independence of the country as ability of the state to run the independent social and economic, political courses providing the sovereign power over the state territory;

- Legality and a public order - ability of the power to provide political and social stability in a society, observance of basic laws of the state;

- Economic well-being and the social justice understood as degree of satisfaction of the majority of the population by the financial position, system of distribution and redistribution of the public income;

- Freedom, participation in management of public affairs, the rights and duties of the person and the citizen where freedom is understood as a guarantee of the individual rights of the person, and participation in the power - as possibility of a political choice and the agreement of subjects and objects властвования;

3) maintenance of integrity of political system of the statethat demands a subordination of all imperious bodies and institutes, and also their integration on the basis of uniform rules of law;

4) warranting of political continuity and social stability. In realisation of this function it is possible to allocate two levels:

The higher political management where the government is personified also continuity, stability is provided either inheritance, or an election system and appointments;

All politically capable population where the continuity and stability are provided with system of preparation and promotion of the managerial personnel for various institutes, and also system of political socialisation of citizens when they master political norms dominating in a society and value;

Realisation of the political power in a society occurs to the help of the special political mechanism which main components are domination, a management, management, the organisation and control.

The domination of the political power meaning structurization in a society of relations of command and submission, organizational and legislative registration of the fact of division in a society of administrative work and privileges usually connected with it - on the one hand, and performing activity - with another. “Domination, - Max Veber wrote, - means chance to meet obedience to the certain order”. Domination is the form of the organisation of the power in a society. Domination is a political order at which one order, and others submit, though the first can be under democratic control of the second.

The management of the political power consists in development and acceptance of essentially important decisions for a society, in definition of its purposes, plans and strategic prospects.

Management is carried out through direct practical activities on realisation of the decisions accepted by the political power. Concrete administrative activity usually occupies the administrative (bureaucratic) device, officials.

The organisation assumes the coordination, streamlining, maintenance of interrelation of separate people, groups, classes, others общностей people.

Control provides observance of social norms, rules of activity of people and social groups in a society. It also carries out a feedback role with which help the power watches what consequences have its administrative influences.

V. One of the most specific properties of the political power is legitimacy. It represents the form of support, the justification of legitimacy of application of the power and realisation of the concrete form of government or the state as a whole, or its separate structures and institutes. Etymologically the word "legitimacy" originates from Latin legalis that in transfer means legality. However in political science legitimacy and legality are not synonyms. The legitimacy characterising support of the power by real subjects politicians, differs from the legality testifying to legal, legislatively well-founded type of board. In one political systems the power can be legal and not legitimate (mother country board in colonies), in others - legitimate, but not legal (for example, after a fulfilment of the revolution supported by the majority of the population), in the third - both legal, and legitimate, as, for example, after a victory of certain forces on elections.

The big contribution to the theory of legitimacy of the power was brought by Max Veber. It allocated three main types of legitimacy of the power:

1. Traditional legitimacy which is found thanks to customs, a habit to obey the power, belief in firmness of since ancient times existing usages.

2. Charismatic legitimacy which is based on belief in exclusive qualities, wonderful gift, that is charisma, the head which sometimes even idolise, create a cult of its person. Carriers of charismatic authority always appear in aura of the prophet radiating fertile light almost divine or perceived as such true and specifying to people is unique a right way. It is easy to find examples of the charismatic leaders which domination had strongly pronounced personal character in the Russian history. They always to some extent - “fathers of the people”, however legality and legitimacy of such leader falls, as soon as the belief in it избранность grows dull.

3. The is rational-legal (democratic) legitimacy as which source rationally understood interest which induces people acts to submit to decisions of the government generated by the standard rules. Legitimacy of the power in this case is based not upon a habit, and on a recognition of a rationality, rationality of an existing political order.

The modern political science fixes not only more a wide range of forms of political legitimacy, but also considers as its sources not one, and three subjects - the population, the government and foreign policy structures. In particular, by modern scientists it is recognised that political legitimacy can be initiated and formed not by the population, and the state, more truly, its government. In that case legitimacy is often identified with legality, legal validity of the government and its stability in a society. There are examples and that legitimacy can be formed by the foreign policy centres - the friendly states, the international organisations, transnational structures.

VI. New tendencies in development of the political power:

- Power democratisation, refusal of authoritative or totalitarian forms in favour of the democratic.

- Power internationalisation, growth of influence of the international and world problems of the power, a policy and the legislation of the separate countries;

- разукрупнение the political power, development of systems of its diversification;

- Negative process of increase of a conflictness between various branches of the power;

- High rates бюрократизации the device of power structures;

- Expansion of an arsenal of purely administrative technologies which more and more widely and even more often the political power uses.