EXERCISE 13 Give the Russian equivalents to the following words.

The area being surveyed, a low probability, the time taken for the waves to travel, the rocks are arranged in strata, onshore search, advanced technology, the reflecting rock, fossil record, oil and gas in quantities worth developing, to work out the thickness, to give a picture of deep rock structures, show promise teams, to calculate the distance traveled.

EXERCISE 14 Give the English equivalents to the following words.

Небольшие образцы горных пород; предотвратить утечку нефти; неблагоприятная среда; возможное залегание нефти; работать в тесном взаимодействии; решение о бурении скважины; состав пород; нефтенасыщенные осадочные породы; толщина пластов горных пород; совокупность линий; поисковая или поисково-разведочная скважина; современные методы исследования; глубокое подводное бурение; ранние геологические эпохи; система стальных труб; буровая вышка; буровая колонна и долото; перспективная территория; буровой раствор; затрубное пространство; устье скважины; обломки; фонтанирование скважин; аэрофотосъёмка и съёмка со спутников; фонтанная арматура; количества, достаточные для промышленной разработки.

EXERCISE 15 Answer the questions below, using the information from the text "How to Find Oil".

1. What equipment is used in searching onshore oil and gas?

2. What methods are used to search for oil and gas?

3. How do specialists work?

4. How can you explain the term "seismic survey"?

5. What do surveys show?

6. What kind of activity is drilling? Can you prove it?

7. What kind of drilling equipment can you enumerate?

8. What for is a carefully constituted mud?

EXERCISE 16 Read and translate the text, using the words after the text.

Fluid Flow

Fluids move from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure. When the well is drilled into a hydrocarbon reservoir and open at the surface, the area in the vicinity of the well bore becomes an area of low pressure. If the reservoir has sufficient permeability, oil and gas flow from all directions into the well bore. When fluids are flowing into the well the pressure at the well bottom is called the bottom hole flowing pressure. The pressure at surface, when the well is flowing, is called the wellhead or flowing tubing pressure. The pressure at the surface when the well is shut-in and fluids are not flowing through the tubing is called the shut-in or static tubing pressure.

The pressure within a column of fluid increases with depth and is greater at the bottom of the column than at the top. This principle can be demonstrated by the change you feel on your ears when you dive to the bottom of a swimming pool. The pressure is directly related to the depth and the density of the fluid, and is called hydrostatic pressure.

For a given height of a column of fluid, the hydrostatic pressure of liquids is much greater than the hydrostatic pressure of gas. For example, the change of pressure with depth (called the hydrostatic gradient) is about 1.0 Kpa/m in gas. In oil the gradient varies from 8.0 to 9.0 Kpa/m.

In order for fluids to flow up the well bore, the reservoir pressure must be greater than the total of the hydrostatic and atmospheric pressure. The flow rate of oil or gas into the well bore depends on the permeability of the reservoir rock, the area of flow into the well bore and the viscosity of the fluid.