ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Центральной точкой всего этого рассказа и апогеем истории Божьего взаимодействия с человечеством после Адама было искупление греха

Центральной точкой всего этого рассказа и апогеем истории Божьего взаимодействия с человечеством после Адама было искупление греха, совершённое Христом на Голгофском кресте. За 700 лет до этого Исайя пророчествовал об этом окончательном искуплении, этой окончательной кровавой жертве, так: «Он изъязвлен был за грехи наши и мучим за беззакония наши; наказание мира нашего было на Нём, и ранами Его мы исцелились. Все мы блуждали, как овцы, совратились каждый на свою дорогу: и Господь возложил на Него грехи всех нас» (Исайя 53:5-6).

Это был окончательный Новый Завет Бога, изменивший историю мира. Теперь не было ни иудея, ни язычника, ибо все одно во Христе Иисусе. Через Христа язычники верой привились к роду Адама, и Авраам стал по вере их отцом. Больше не было необходимости приносить в жертву животных, так как Христос совершил окончательное искупление греха. Больше не нужно было находиться в рабстве закона, потому что нас освобождает Его благодать во Христе Иисусе. Грехи всего рода человеческого покрываются только верой в Сына Божия, Иисуса Христа. Когда настала полнота времени, Бог послал Сына Своего, чтобы искупить находившихся под законом и принять верующих язычников в род Адама как «сынов Божиих». «Достоин Ты взять книгу и снять с нее печати, ибо Ты был заклан, и Кровью Своею искупил нас Богу из всякого колена и языка, и народа и племени» (Откровение 5:9).

[1] R. McQuilkin, Understanding and Applying the Bible (Chicago: Moody Press, 1992) 339 p.

[2] R. McQuilkin, Understanding and Applying the Bible (Chicago: Moody Press, 1992) 178.

[3] M. Aldhouse-Green, M. and S. Aldhouse-Green, The Quest for the Shaman (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), 240 p.

[4] Многие из тех мыслей о мировоззрении, которые изложены здесь, взяты из двух уроков Воскресной школы, преподанных Терри и Пэм Мурами в пресвитерианской церкви «Хайтс Камберленд».

[5] P. H. Seely, “The Firmament and the Water Above, Part 2: The Meaning of ‘The Water Above the Firmament’ in Gen. 1:6-8,” Westminister Theological Journal, v. 53, (1991) p. 37.

[6] J. H. Walton, “Flood,” eds. T. D. Alexander and D. W. Baker, Dictionary of the Old Testament Pentateuch (Downer’s Grove: Intervarsity Press, 2003) 320.

[7] N. M. Sarna, Understanding Genesis: The Heritage of Biblical Israel (New York: Schocken Books, 1966) 5.

[8] P. H. Seely, “The Geographical Meaning of ‘Earth’ and ‘Seas’ in Genesis 1:10,” Westminister Theological Journal 59 (1997) 231-234.

[9] P. Schaff, “Accommodation,” in L. A. Loetscher, ed., New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, v. 1 (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1955), p. 22-24.

[10] P. H. Seely, “The Date of the Tower of Babel and Some Theological Implications,” Westminister Theological Journal 63 (2001) 1; P. H. Seely, “Noah’s Flood: Its Date, Extent, and Divine Accomodation,” Westminister Theological Journal 66 (2004) 291-311. 23

[11] P. H. Seely, “Concordism and a Biblical Alternative: An Examination of Hugh Ross’s Perspective,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 59, no. 1 (2007) 43.

[12] D. O. Lamoureux, Evolutionary Creation: A Christian Approach to Evolution (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2008), 493 p.

[13] T. J. Godfrey, “On the Hills of Concordism and Creation Science,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 55, no. 4 (2003) 277.

[14] C. A. Hill, “A Third Alternative to Concordism and Divine Accommodation: The Worldview Approach,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 59, no. 2 (2007) 129-134.

[15] K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003), 662 p.

[16] P. Enns, Inspiration and Incarnation (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2005) 160-161.

[17] D. F. Siemens, “Considering the Probabilities of Creation and Evolution,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 52, no. 3 (2000) 194-199.

[18] H. Ross, The Fingerprint of God (Orange: Promise Publishing, 1989) 233 p.; H. Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1993) 185 p.; H. Ross, Creation and Time (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1994) 187 p.

[19] G. L. Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982) 62.

[20] D. Fischer, “Young-Earth Creationism: a Literal Mistake,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 55, no. 4 (2003) 224; R. K. Harrison, “From Adam to Noah: a Reconsideration of the Antediluvian Patriarchs Ages,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 37 (1994) 161-168.

[21] P. J. Wiseman, Ancient Records and the Structure of Genesis – A Case for Literary Unity (New York: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1985) 17; H. F. Blank, “On the Structure of Genesis,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 56, no. 1 (2004) 74.

[22] P. P. T. Pun, Evolution: Nature and Scripture in Conflict? (Grand Rapids: Zonderman, 1982) 312.

[23] R. T. Bakker, The Dinosaur Heresies (New York: Zebra Books, 1986) p. 304.

[24] J. M. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East (New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1995) 1818.

[25] Op. cit., 1819.

[26] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 1, (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1972) translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahams, 12-17; C. A. Hill, “Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 55, no. 4 (2003) 246-247.

[27] C. Hyers, “The Narrative Form of Genesis 1: Cosmogenic, Yes; Scientific, No,” Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 36, no. 4 (1984) 212; P. H. Seely, “The First Four Days of Genesis in Concordist Theory and in Biblical Context,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 49, no. 2 (1997) 85-95.

[28] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 2 (Jerusaleum: Magnes Press, 1972) translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahams, 38.

[29] Op. cit., 32-33.

[30] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 1, (Jerusaleum: Magnes Press, 1972) translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahams, 15.

[31] C. Hyers, “The Narrative Form of Genesis 1: Cosmogenic, Yes; Scientific, No,” Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 36, no. 4 (1984) 209, 212.

[32] J. Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel (Cleveland: Meridan Books, 1957).

[33] C. Westermann, Genesis 12-36, A Commentary (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1986), p. 37.

[34] M. P. Maidman, “Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob Meet Newton, Darwin, and Wellhausen,” Biblical Archeology Review 32, no. 3 (2006) 58-64.

[35] R. S. Hendel, “Finding Historical Memories in the Patriarchal Narratives,” Biblical Archeology Review 21, no. 4 (1995), 52-57, 70-74; J. A. Hoffmeier, “Out of Egypt,” Biblical Archeology Review 33, no. 1 (2007), 30-41.

[36] J. Hoyrup, “Sumerian Origin of Mathematics,” eds. J. Fauvel and J. Gray, The History of Mathematics (New York: MacMillian Education Ltd. (1987) 24-25.

[37] G. Sarton, “Decimal Systems Early and Late,” Osiris 9 (1950) 582.

[38] K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 2003), 487.

[39] C. A. Hill, “A Time and Place for Noah,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 53, no. 1 (2001) 34-35.

[40] P. Enns, Inspiration and Incarnation (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2005) 51.

[41] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt.1, (Jerusaleum: Magnes Press, 1972) translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahams, 273.

[42] C. K. Keil and F. Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975) 32; U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 2 (Magnes Press, Jerusaleum, 1972), translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahams, 252.

[43] K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 2003) 366-367.

[44] D. C. Harlow, “The Genesis Creation Accounts,” Paper given at the Origins Sympsoium, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, March 13-14, 2006.

[45] E.G. Richards, Mapping Time: The Calendar and History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) 224-225.

[46] H. Ross, The Genesis Question (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1998) 115.

[47] H. Ross, The Genesis Question (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1998) 119.

[48] J. C. Whitcomb and H. M. Morris, The Genesis Flood (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing, 1966) 518 p.

[49] F. Kendig and R. Hutton, Life Spans – Or How Long Things Last (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979) 265 p.

[50] For a more detailed discussion of, and references on, the topic of the chronologies and numbers of Genesis refer to the article by C. A. Hill, “Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 55, no. 4 (2003) 239-251.

[51] H. W. Saggs, The Greatness That Was Babylon: A Survey of the Ancient Civilization of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, Ch. 13, Mathematics and Astronomy (New York: Hawthorn, 1962), 445-453.

[52] J. Friberg, “Numbers and Measures in the Earliest Written Records,” Scientific American 250, no. 2 (1984) 110-118.

[53] K. R. Nemet-Nejal, “Mathematics,” Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998) 83.

[54] D. C. Harlow, “The Genesis Creation Accounts,” Paper given at the Origins Symposium, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, March 13-14, 2006.

[55] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis pt. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 972), translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahams, 243.

[56] T. C. Hartman, “Some Thoughts on the Sumerian King List and Genesis 5 and 11,” Journal of Biblical Literature 91 (1972) 26.

[57] J. Klein, “The ‘Bane’ of Humanity: A Lifespan of One Hundred and Twenty Years,” Acta Sumerology 12 (1990) 62.

[58] G. Sarton, “Decimal Systems Early and Late,” Osiris 9 (1950) 581-601.

[59] J. Oppert, “Chronology,” ed. I. Singer, The Jewish Encyclopedia (New York: Funk and Wagnales, 1903) 68.

[60] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 1, (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1972) translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahams, 323 p.

[61] R. Johnson, “Patriarchal Ages in Genesis,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 56, no. 2 (2004) 152-153.

[62] P. P. Pun, Evolution – Nature and Scripture in Conflict? (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982) 336 p.

[63] C. Hyers, “The Narrative Form of Genesis 1: Cosmogenic, Yes; Scientific, No,” Journal of American Scientific Affiliation 36, no. 4 (1984) 212.

[64] A. Cutler, The Seashell on the Mountaintop: How Nicolaus Steno Solved an Ancient Mystery and Created a Science of the Earth (New York: Penguin Books, 2003) 228 p.

[65] S. Winchester, The Map That Changed the World: William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology (New York: HarperCollins, 2001) 329 p.

[66] Отличное разъяснение процесса радиометрического датирования для дилетантов смотрите на сайте http://www.asa3.org/ASA/resources/Wiens.html.

[67] P. E. Damon et al., “Dendrochronolgic Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale,” American Antiquity 39, no. 2 (1974) 350-366.

[68] A. Holmes, The Age of the Earth (New York: Harper Brothers, 1927) 80 p.

[69] B. J. Skinner and S. C. Porter, The Dynamic Earth (New York: John Wiley, 1989) 541 p.

[70] M. C. Tenney, ed., The Zonderman Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, v. 1 (Grand Rapids: Zonderman, 1975) 23.

[71] K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003) 307.

[72] E. A. Speiser, Genesis: Anchor Bible Commentary, v. 1, (Garden City: Doubleday, 1981) 34.

[73] H. J. Nissen, "The Emergence of Writing in the Ancient Near East," Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 10, no. 4 (1985) 360.

[74] J. Zarins, "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia," American School of Oriental Research 280 (1990) 31-35.

[75] S. A. Rosen, "Finding Evidence of Ancient Nomads," Biblical Archaeology Review 14, no.5 (1988) 50.

[76] S. Sadie, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, v. 12 (London: McMillian, 1980), 196.

[77] E. M. Meyers, ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, v. 4 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997) 269.

[78] M. E. Mallowan, "Noah's Flood Reconsidered," Iraq 26 (1964) 68.

[79] H. P. Martin, Fara: a Reconstruction of the Ancient Mesopotamian City of Shuruppak (Birmingham: Martin Associates, 1988) 113.

[80] В. В. Хэллоу также утверждал на основе археологических данных, что абсолютной датой Потопа был приблизительно 2900 г. до н.э.; см. W. W. Hallo, “The Early Bronze Age, ca 3100-2100 B. C.” в издании W. W. Hallo and W. K. Simpson, The Ancient Near East – a History (New York: Harcort-Brace, 1971) 36.

[81] C. A. Hill, “A Time and Place for Noah,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 53 (2001) 24-40.

[82] S. Pollock, “Bureucrats and Managers, Peasants and Pastoralists, Imperialists and Traders: Research on the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr Periods in Mesopotamian,” Journal of World Prehistory 6, no. 3 (1992) 297-336.

[83] G. Algaze, “The Uruk Expansion – Cross Cultural Exchange in Early Mesopotamian Civilization,” Current Anthropology 30, no. 5 (1989) 571-608; M. C. Astour, Overland Trade Routes in Ancient Western Asia, v. 3 (New York: Charles Scribners, 1995) 1401-1420; C. A. Hill, “The Garden of Eden: a Modern Landscape,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 52, no. 1 (2000) 31-46; C. A. Hill, “A Time and Place for Noah,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 53, no. 1 (2001) 24-40.

[84] G. F. Bass, “The Earliest Seafarers in the Mediterranean and the Near East,” ed. G. F. Bass, A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archeology (New York: Walker and Company, 1972) 14-15.

[85] H. J. Nissen, “The Emergence of Writing in the Ancient Near East,” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 10, no. 4 (1985) 349-361.

[86] A. Parrot, The Tower of Babel (New York: Philosophical Library, 1955) 29.

[87] C. A. Hill, “A Time and Place for Noah,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 3, no. 1 (2001) 37.

[88] J. H. Sailhammer, Genesis Unbound – a Provocative New Look at the Creation Account (Sisters: Multnomah, 1996) 45.

[89] J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia.Society and Economy at the Dawn of History (London: Routledge, 1992), 34.

[90] D. Fischer, The Origins Solution (Lima, OH: Fairway Press, 1996), 172.

[91] L. Woolley, Excavations at Ur (London: Ernest Benn, 1955), 36.

[92] M. A. Beek, Atlas of Mesopotamia (London: Nelson, 1962), map 8; M. Roaf, “Palaces and Temples in Ancient Mesopotamia,” in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson (New York: Charles Scribners, 1995), 425.

[93] Ramm, The Christian View of Science and Scripture, 164.

[94] L. R. Bailey, “Wood from ‘Mount Ararat’: Noah’s Ark,” Biblical Archaeologist 40, no. 4 (1977): 137.

[95] W. H. Stiebling, "A Futile Quest: the Search for Noah's Ark," Biblical Archaeology Review 2, no. 2 (1976) 16.

[96] E. M. Yamauchi, “Urartians and Manneans,” chap. 2 in Foes from the Northern Frontier – Invading Hordes from the Russian Steppes (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1982), 31.

[97] B. B. Piotrovskiæi, The Ancient Civilization of Urartu, trans. James Hogarth (New York: Cowles, 1969), 13.

[98] F. Navarra, Noah.s Ark: I Touched It (Plainfield, NJ: Logos International, 1974), 137 p.

[99] L. R. Bailey, "Wood from 'Mount Ararat': Noah’s Ark," Biblical Archaeologist 40, no. 4 (1977) 138, 142.

[100] R. S. Dietz, "Ark-Eology: a Frightening Example of Pseudoscience," Geotimes 38, no. 9 (1993) 4.

[101] L. G. Collins and D. F. Fasold, "'Noah's Ark' from Turkey Exposed as a Common Geologic Structure," Journal of Geoscience Education 44 (1996) 439-441.

[102] D. Young, The Biblical Flood – A Case Study of the Church’s Response to Extrabiblical Evidence (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995) 34; B. Crouse, "Noah's Ark: its Final Berth," Archaeology and Biblical Research 5, no. 3 (1992) 67.

[103] G. Algaze, “Fourth Millenium B. C. Trade in Greater Mesopotamia: Did it Include Wine?” eds. P. E. McGovern, S. J. Reming, and S. H. Katz, The Origins and Ancient History of Wine (Luxembourg: Gordon and Breach, 1995) 95.

[104] T. Unwin, Wine and the Vine – an Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade (New York: Routledge, 1991) 63-64; H. P. Olmo, "The Origin and Domestication of the Vinifera grape," eds. P. E. McGovern, S. J. Flemings, and S. H. Katz, The Origins and Ancient History of Wine (Luxembourg: Gordon and Breach, 1995) 36.

[105] E. Isaac, Geography of Domestication (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1970) 69.

[106] Semple, “The Regional Geography of Turkey,” 345; and R. L. Gorney, “Viticulture and Ancient Anatolia,” in The Origins and Ancient History of Wine, 139.

[107] T. H. Everett, Encyclopedia of Horticulture 7 (New York: Garland, 1981), 2380.

[108] Young, The Biblical Flood, 32.

[109] J. Bottéro, “The Cuisine of Ancient Mesopotamia,” Biblical Archaeologist 48, no. 1 (1985): 42.

[110] J. Hansell, The Pigeon in History or The Dove’s Tail (Bath: Millstream Books, 1998), 15-16.

[111] S. J. Bodie, Aloft: A Meditation on Pigeons and Pigeon-Flying (New York: Lyons and Burford, 1990), 23.

[112] D. J. Wiseman, “Mesopotamian Gardens,” Anatolian Studies 33 (1983): 138.

[113] D. Young, The Biblical Flood- A Case Study of the Church’s Response to Extrabiblical Evidence (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995) 52.

[114] C. A. Hill, “Qualitative Hydrology of Noah’s Flood,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 58, no. 2 (2006) 130-141.

[115] U. S. Weather Bureau, Climate of Southwestern Asia, Report no. 40 (Washington D.C.: U. S. Army Air Forces Weather Division, 1944), 1.

[116] A. H. Shalash, The Climate of Iraq (M. S. Thesis: University of Maryland, 1957) 22-23.

[117] Термин «столетний» потоп (или «тысячелетний», или «пятитысячелетний») – это статитистическое выражение, означающее, что существует 1 шанс из 100 (или 1 из 1000 или из 5000) на то, что наводнение такого масштаба произойдёт в течение какого-либо года.

[118] M. Inbar, "Effects of a High Magnitude Flood in a Mediterranean Climate: A Case Study in the Jordan River," ed. L. Mayer and D. Nash, Catastrophic Floods (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987) 337.

[119] K. Takahashi and H. Arakawa, Climates of Southern and Western Asia, v. 9 (New York: Elsevier, 1981) 221.

[120] U. S. Weather Bureau, Climate of Southwestern Asia, Report no. 40 (Washington D.C.: U. S. Army Air Forces Weather Division, 1944) 122; H. C. Metz, Iraq: A Country Study (Washington D. C.: Library of Congress Federal Research Division, 1988) 78.

[121] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 2 (Jerusaleum: Magnes Press, 1972), translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahms, 83-84.

[122] E. M. Plunket, Ancient Calendars and Constellations (London: John Murray, 1903) 2-3; E. G. Richards, Mapping Time: the Calendar and its History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) 147.

[123] E. A. Speiser, Anchor Bible Commentary: Genesis, v. 1 (Garden City: Doubleday, 1981) 53.

[124] A. F. Aveni, Ancient Astronomers (Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Books, 1993) 52.

[125] K. Smith and R. Ward, Floods: Physical Processes and Human Impacts (New York: John Wiley, 1998) 10.

[126] S. N. Kramer, "Reflections on the Mesopotamian Flood: the Cuneiform Data New and Old”," Expedition 9, no. 4 (1967) 16.

[127] D. J. Burdon and C. Safadi, "Ras-el-ain: the Great Karst Spring in Mesopotamia," ed. M. M. Sweeting, Karst Geomorphology (London: Academic Press, 1963) 244, 258.

[128] Iraq Ministry of Development, Groundwater Resources of Iraq, v. 7 (Baghdad: Government of Iraq, 1956) 28, 38; S. A. Al Sinawi and D. S. Mahmood, "Geothermal Measurements in the Upper Euphrates Valley, Western Iraq," Iraqi Journal of Science 23, no. 1 (1982) 94; United Nations, "Groundwater in Eastern Mediterranean and Western Asia," Natural Resources/Water Series 9 (New York: Department of Technical Cooperation for Development, 1982) 65, 69.

[129] A. S. Issar, Water Shall Flow From the Rock: Hydrology and Climate in the Lands of the Bible (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990) 43.

[130] An Assyrian bronze panel in the British Museum commemorates this visit by Shalmaneser; T. R. Shaw, "Historical Introduction," eds C. A. Hill and P. Forti, Cave Minerals of the World, 2nd ed. (Huntsville: National Speleological Society, 1997) 29.

[131] R. J. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology, v. 2 (Leiden: Brill, 1965) 22.

[132] E. I. Altini, Geology of Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia: Cizre Sheet,76, 92.

[133] R. E. Simoons-Vermeer, "The Mesopotamian Floodstories: A Comparison and Interpretation," Numen 21 (1974)18-19.

[134] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 2 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1972), translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahams, 11.

[135] J. H. Walton, “Flood,” eds. T. D Alexander and D. W. Baker, Dictionary of the Old Testament Pentateuch (Downer’s Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 2003) 317.

[136] M. Rice, The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf (London: Routledge, 1994) 306-307; S. N. Kramer, “Reflections on the Mesopotamian flood: the Cuneiform Data New and Old,” Expedition 9, no. 5 (1967) 3.

[137] A. S. Yahuda, The Accuracy of the Bible (New York: Dutton, 1935) 191.

[138] S. Tomlin and J. Goodfield, The Discovery of Time (New York: Harper and Row, 1965) 141-142.

[139] C. C. Gillispie, Genesis and Geology (New York: Harper-Row, 1959) 98-120; A. Hallam, Great Geological Controversies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992) 87.

[140] L. M. Davies, "Scientific Discoveries and Their Bearing on the Biblical Account of the Noachian Deluge," Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, v. 62 (London: Philosophical Society of Great Britain, 1930) 64-70; J. Imbrie and K. P. Imbrie, Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979) 33-46.

[141] L. Woolley, Excavations at Ur (London: Ernest Benn, 1955) 27.

[142] M. E. Mallowan, "Noah's Flood Reconsidered," Iraq 26 (1964) 78-79.

[143] P. Carleton, Buried Empires: The Earliest Civilizations of the Middle East (London: Edward Arnold, 1939) 64.

[144] H. Kesel, K. C. Dunne, R. C. McDonald, and K. R. Allison, "Lateral Erosion and Overbank Deposition on the Mississippi River in Louisiana Caused by 1973 Flooding," Geology 2, no. 9 (1974) 461; K. K. Hirschboeck, "Catastrophic Flooding and Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies, eds. L. Mayer and D. Nash, Catastrophic Floods (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987) 46.

[145] A. E. Hill, “Quantitative Hydrology of Noah’s Flood,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 58, no. 2 (2006) 130-141.

[146] H. S. Choi, "Knowledge of the Unseen: A New Vision for Science and Religion Dialogue, " Perspectives on Science and the Christian Faith 53, no. 2 (2001) 100.

[147] K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003) 167.

[148] B. Ramm, The Christian View of Science and Scripture (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974) 177.

[149] B. Ramm, The Christian View of Science and Scripture (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974) 177.

[150] J. H. Walton, “Flood”, eds. T. D. Alexander and D. W. Baker, Dictionary of the Old Testament Pentateuch (Downer’s Grove: Intervarsity Press, 2003) 321.

[151] E. A. Speiser, “Anchor Bible Commentary,” Genesis, v. 1 (Garden City: Doubleday, 1981) 16-17.

[152] C. F. Keil and F. Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament, vol. 1, The Penteteuch (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975), 171; и R. L. Harris, "The Mist, the Canopy and the Rivers of Eden," Bulletin of the Evangelical Theological Society 11:4 (1968): 179.

[153] H. A. McClure, "Late Quaternary Palaeogeography and Landscape Evolution of the Rub' Al Khali," in Araby the Blest, ed. D. T. Potts, Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Studies (Copenhagen: Tusculanum Press, 1988), 9-13.

[154] U.S. Geological Survey-Arabian American Oil Company, Geologic Map of Saudi Arabia (1963), масштаб 1:2,000,000.

[155] J. A. Sauer, "The River Runs Dry - Creation Story Preserves Historical Memory," Biblical Archaeology Review, v. 22, no. 4 (1996) p. 52-64; E. Uchupi, S. A. Swift, and D. A. Ross, “Gas Venting and Late Quaternary Sedimentation in the Persian (Abrabian) Gulf,” Marine Geology 129 (1996) 237-269.

[156] A. M. Afife, "Geology of the Mahd adh Dhahab District, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia," U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report 90-315 (1990): 49 pp.

[157] C. A. Hill, “The Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 52, no. 1 (2000) 31-46.

[158] S. Ratnager, Encounters - the Westerly Trade of the Harappa Civilization (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981) 201.

[159] E. M. Meyers, ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 375.

[160] E. A. Speiser, Anchor Bible Commentary, v. 1 (Garden City: Doubleday, 1981) 17.

[161] K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003) 429.

[162] C. A. Hill, “The Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 52, no. 1 (2000) 39-40.

[163] U.S. Geological Survey-Arabian American Oil Company, Geologic Map of Saudi Arabia (1963), масштаб 1:2 000 000.

[164] G. A. Cooke, "Reconstruction of the Holocene Coastline of Mesopotamia," Geoarchaeology 2:1 (1987): 15-28.

[165] S. Lloyd, The Archaeology of Mesopotamia (London: Thames & Hudson, 1978) 15.

[166] C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky and J. A. Sabloff, Ancient Civilizations--The Near East and Mesopotamia (Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings Publications, 1979), 110.

[167] J. C. Munday, “Eden’s Geography Erodes Flood Geology,” Westminister Theological Journal 58 (1996) 144.

[168] T. Jacobsen, The Sumerian King List, Asyriological Studies no. 11, (Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1966), 59. На русском языке: http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/shumer/malkha.htm

[169] G. J. Wenham, "Genesis 1-15," Word Biblical Commentary, vol. 1 (Waco, TX: Word Books, 1987): 66.

[170] K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003) 428-429.

[171] Speiser, Anchor Bible Commentary, 16-17.

[172] H. E. Wright, "The Southern Margins of Sumer: Archaeological Survey of the Area of Eridu and Ur," in Heartland of Cities, ed. R. M. Adam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 300.

[173] C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky and J. A. Sabloff, Ancient Civilizations – The Near East and Mesopotamia (Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings Publications, 1979) 110.

[174] Z. R. Beydoun, "Arabian Plate Hydrocarbon Geology and Potential – A Plate Tectonics Approach," American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology no. 33 (1991): 77 p.

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[177] R.S. Dietz, "Ark-Eology: a Frightening Example of Pseudoscience," Geotimes 38, no. 9 (1993) 4; P. H. Seely, “Noah’s Flood: Its Date, Extent, and Divine Accomodation,” Westminister Theological Journal 66 (2004) 304, 308.

[178] H. Morris, Scientific Creationism (El Cajon: Master Books, 1985) 210-211.

[179] D. F. Siemens, "More Problems with Flood Geology," Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 44, no. 4 (1992) 231.

[180] D. Young, The Biblical Flood – A Case Study of the Church’s Response to Extrabiblical Evidence (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995) 52.

[181] R. M. May, “How Many Species Inhabit the Earth?”, Scientific American 267, no. 4 (1992) 42-48.; Wikipedia, The Free Encylopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/species.

[182] B. Ramm, The Christian View of Science and Scripture (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974) 177.

[183] L. M. Davies, "Scientific Discoveries and their Bearing on the Biblical Account of the Noachian Deluge," Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute (London: Philosophical Society of Great Britain, 1930) 133.

[184] J. T. Ator, The Return of Credibility (New York: Vantage Press, 1998) 37.

[185] W. H. Stiebling, "A Futile Quest: the Search for Noah’s Ark," Biblical Archaeology Review 2, no. 2 (1976) 16.

[186] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 2 (Jerusaleum: Magnes Press, 1972), translated from Hebrew by Israel Abraham, 26, 46.

[187] Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 2 (Jerusaleum: Magnes Press, 1972), translated from Hebrew by Israel Abraham, 4.

[188] W. Langston, “Nonmammalian Comanchean Tetrapods,” Geoscience and Man 8 (1974) 77-102.

[189] J. C. Whitcomb and H. M. Morris, The Genesis Flood (Philadelphia: The Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1966) 265-266.

[190] A. S. Romer, Vertebrate Paleontology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974) 50.

[191] R. T. Bakker, The Dinosaur Heresies (New York: Zebra Books, 1986) 481 p.

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[193] E. C. Semple, "The Regional Geography of Turkey: a Review of Banse's Work," Geographical Review 6 (1921) 344.

[194] A'tinli, I. E., Geologic Map of Turkey, Van Sheet (with map notes in English), 1:500,000 (1961) 50-62; A'tinli, I. E., "Geology of Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia," Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey 66 (1966) 42-46.

[195] T. Vail, Grand Canyon: A Different View (Green Forest: Master Books, 2003) 104 p.

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[199] J. Weiner, The Beak of a Finch (Random House: New York, 1995) 332 p.

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[201] P. H. Seeley, “The Meaning of Mîn, ‘Kind’: Science and Christian Belief 9, no. 1 (1997) 47-56.

[202] A. Held and P. Rüst, “Genesis Reconsidered,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 51, no. 4 (1999) 235.

[203] B. Berlin, Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categorization of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992) 31-35.

[204] C. H. Brown, “Folk Zoological Life-Forms, Their Universality and Growth,” American Anthropologist 81, no. 4 (1979) 791-817.

[205] The King James Version of the Bible translates the Hebrew word tannîym as “whale”, but other versions translate this word as “sea creature,” “sea monster” or “dragon”, implying some kind of dinasour-like reptile. Strong’s concordance translates it either way. For the purpose of this discussion, it doesn’t matter, as neither a sea mammal or sea reptile fit within the Linnean category of fish.

[206] P. H. Seely, “The Meaning of Mîn, ‘Kind’: Science and Christian Belief 9, no. 1 (1997) 49.

[207] E. Hunn, “The Abominations of Leviticus Revisited,” eds. R. F. Ellen and D. Reason, Classifications in Their Social Context (New York: Academic Press, 1979) 103-116.

[208] M. W. Green, “Animal Husbandry at Uruk in the Archaic Period,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 39, no. 1 (1980) 4.

[209] U. Umberto, “La Questione della Genesi” (Firenze: F. LeMonnier, 1934) 262. Перевёл с итальянского по просьбе автора Арриго Чинья.

[210] P. H. Seely, “The Meaning of Mîn, ‘Kind’: Science and Christian Belief 9, no. 1 (1997) 55.

[211]J. A. McIntyre, “The Real Adam,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 56, no. 3 (2004) 167.

[212] S. Milius, “Should we Junk Linnaeus?” Science News 146 (1999) 268-269.

[213] Such percentages vary somewhat depending on the genetic parameters chosen; see The Language of God by Francis S. Collins (New York, Free Press, 2006) 126-129.

[214] G. Finlay, B. Choong, J. Flenley, N. Karunasinghe, G. O’Brien, R. Prestidge, C. Print, A. Shelly, and M. West, “Creation versus Creationism,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 58, no. 3 (2006) 236-239.

[215] F. S. Collins, “Faith and the Human Genome,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 55, (2003) 148.

[216] S. Perkins, “Mammoth Findings: Asian Elephant is Closest Living Kin,” Science News 168 (2005) 403.

[217] K. Wong, “The Mammals that Conquered the Sea,” Scientific American 286 (2002) 70-79.

[218] R. T. Bakker, The Dinosaur Heresies (New York: Zebra Books, 1986) 317.

[219] K. R. Miller, Finding Darwin’s God (New York: Harper-Collins, 1999) 338 p.

[220] J. D. Barrow, The Constants of Nature (New York: Vintage Books, 2002) 352 p.

[221] J. S. Levinton, “The Big Bang of Animal Evolution,” Scientific American 267 (1992) 84-91.

[222] A. Parker, In the Blink of an Eye (Cambridge: Perseus Publishing, 2003) 299 p.

[223] K. Padian and L. M. Chiappe, “The Origin of Birds and Their Flight,” Scientific American 278, no. 2 (1998) 38-47.

[224] P. Wellnhofer, “Archaeopteryx,” Scientific American 262, no. 5 (1990) 71-72.

[225] E. Pennisi, “Static Evolution,” Science News 145 (1994) 168-169.

[226] S. J. Gould and N. Eldredge, “Punctuated Equilibria: the Tempo and Mode of Evolution Considered,” Paleobiology 3 (1977) 115-151.

[227] P. R. Grant, “Natural Selection and Darwin’s Finches,” Scientific American 265, no. 4 (1991) 4.

[228] L. Stiassny and A. Meyer, “Cichlids of the Rift Lakes,” Scientific American 280 (1999) 64-69.

[229] M. J. Behe, Darwin’s Black Box (New York: Touchstone Books, 1996) 307 p.

[230] K. R. Miller, Finding Darwin’s God (New York: HarperCollins, 1999) 338 p.

[231] M. J. Behe and D. W. Snoke, “Simulating evolution by gene duplication of protein features that require multiple amino acid residues,” Protein Science 13 (2004) 2651-2664.

[232] S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science (Champaign: Wolfram Media, 2002) 1197 p.

[233] T. L. Poulson and W. B. White, “The Cave Environment,” Science 165 (1969) 971-980.

[234] A. Vandel, Biospeleology: The Biology of Cavernicolous Animals (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1965), 524 p.

[235] R. W. Mitchell, W. H. Russell, and W. R. Elliot, “Mexican Eyeless Characin Fishes, Genus Astyanax: Environment, Distribution, and Evolution,” Special Publication of Texas Tech University Museum 12 (1977), 89 p.

[236] D. C. Culver, Cave Life: Evolution and Ecology (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982) 189 p.

[237] P. E. Johnson, Darwin on Trial (Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press, 1993) 220 p.

[238] G. C. Mills, “A Theory of Theistic Evolution as an Alternative to Naturalistic Theory,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 47 (1995) 112-122.

[239] D. O. Lamoureux, “Beyond the Evolution vs. Creation’ Debate,” Canyon Institute for Advanced Studies Newsletter 6, no. 2 (2006) 8-14.

[240] J. H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) 422 p.

[241] F. S. Collins, The Language of God (New York: Free Press, 2006), 143.

[242] H. J. Van Till, The Fourth Day: What the Bible and the Heavens are Telling Us About the Creation (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986) 223; D. F. Siemens, “Considering the Probability of Creation and Evolution,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 52 (2000) 194-199.

[243] P. Pun, “Integration and Confrontation of Contemporary Worldviews: Evolution and Intelligent Design,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 59, no. 2 (2007) 102-109.

[244] M. Krings et al., “Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans,” Cell 90 (1997) 19-30; B. Bower, “Ancient Gene Yield,” Science News 170 (2006) 323.

[245] R. White, Prehistoric Art (New York: Harry Abrams, 2003) 16.

[246] M. Aldhouse-Green and S. Aldhouse-Green, The Quest for the Shaman (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005) 62.

[247] B. P. Onac et al., “U-Th Ages Constraining the Neanderthal Footprint at Vârtop Cave, Romania,” Quaternary Science Review 24 (2005) 1151-1157.

[248] J. Mellaart, The Neolithic of the Near East (London: Thames and Hudson, 1975) 29.

[249] A. G. Latham, “Carmel Caves, Israel: Archeology,” ed. J. Gunn, Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science (New York: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 2004) 195-198.

[250] О различных представлениях о том, есть ли в Книге Бытие пробелы и сколько времени они охватывают, см. C. A. Hill, “Making Sense of the Numbers of Genesis,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 55, no. 4 (2003) 248, и полемические письма в ответ на статью Хилл: W. H. Gilbert, Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 56, no. 2 (2004) 153-154, и M. LeBar, Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 56, no. 4 (2004) 308

[251] R. Gonen, “The Chalcolithic Period,” ed. A. Ben-Tor, The Archeology of Ancient Israel, Ch. 3 (Tel Aviv: Open University of Israel, 1992) 41.

[252] D. Roberts, “The Ice Man,” National Geographic 183, no. 6 (1993) 36-67; J. H. Dickson, K. Oeggl, and L. L. Handley, “The Iceman Reconsidered,” Scientific American 288, no. 5 (2003) 60-69.

[253] J. L. Huot, “The First Famers at Oueili,” Biblical Archeologist 55, no. 4 (1992) 188-195.

[254] T. Jacobsen, The Sumerian King List, Assyriological Studies no. 11 (Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1966) 58.

[255] For a non-technical discussion of DNA and its relationship to human origins refer to B. Sykes, The Seven Daughters of Eve (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001) 306 p.

[256] L. S. Whitfield, J. E. Sulston, and P. N. Goodfellow, “Sequence Variation of the Human Y Chromosome,” Nature 378 (1995) 379-380.

[257] T. D. White et al., “Pleistocene Homo Sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia,” Nature 423 (2003) 742-747; D. F. Brown and I. McDougall, “Two human skulls from the Kibish Formaiton, Herto, Ethiopia,” Nature ?? (2006) ???.

[258] M. F. Hammer et al., “Jewish and Middle Eastern Non-Jewish Populations Share a Common Pool of Y-Chromosome Biallelic Haplotypes,” Proceedings National Academy of Science 97, no. 12 (2000) 6769-6774.

[259] K. Skorecki et al., “Y Chromosomes of Jewish Priests,” Nature 385 (1997) 32.

[260] P. A. Underhill et al., “Y Chromosome Sequence Variation and the History of Human Populations,” Nature Genetics 26 (2000) 358.

[261] R. Roberts et al., “Optical and Radiocarbon Dating at Jinmium Rock Shelter in Northern Australia,” Nature 393 (1998) 358-362.

[262] J. H. Greenberg and M. Ruhlen, “Linguistic Origins of Native Americans,” Scientific American 267 (1992) 94-99.

[263] B. Sykes, The Seven Daughters of Eve (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001) 306 p.

[264] J. M. Roberts-Thomson et al., “An Ancient Common Origin of Aboriginal Australians and New Guinea Highlanders is Supported by α-Globin Haplotype Analyses,” American Journal of Human Genetics 58 (1996) 1017-1024.

[265] F. Calafell and J. Bertranpetit, “Principal Component Analyses of Gene Frequencies and the Origin of Basques,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93 (1994) 201-215.

[266] S. Horai et al., “mtDNA Polymorphism in East Asian Populations, with Special Reference to the Peopling of Japan,” American Journal of Human Genetics 59 (1996) 579-590.

[267] A. Torroni et al., “Asian Affinities and Continental Radiation of the Four Founding Native American mtDNAs,” American Journal of Human Genetics 53 (1993) 563-590.

[268] J. K. Lum et al., “Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genetic Relationships among Pacific Island and Asian Populations,” American Journal of Human Genetics 63 (1998) 613-624.

[269] E. A. Speiser, The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible, v. 3, Man: Ethnic Divisions of (New York: Abingdon Press, 1962) 235-242; G. J. Wenham, Word Biblical Commentary, v. 1 Genesis 1-15 (Waco: Word Books Publishers, 1987) 216-232; V. P. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis, Chapter 1-17 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990) 330-365; K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003) 426-427; 430-438.

[270] J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia – Society and Economy at the Dawn of History (Routledge: London, 1992) 37; D. O. Edzard, “The Sumerian Language,” ed. J. M. Sasson, Civilization of the Ancient Near East, v. 4 (Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York, 1995). 2109; J. Huehnergard, “Semitic Languages,” ed J. M. Sasson, Civilization of the Ancient Near East, v. 4 (New York: Scribners, 1995) 2118.

[271] K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003) 426.

[272] M. D. Johnson, The Purpose of the Biblical Geneologies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969) 77.

[273] K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003) 426.

[274] Анализ моей митохондриальной ДНК был проведён в рамках генографического проекта Национального географического общества. Рой Хилл предоставил родословие семей Рид, Зоммерс и Зинн.

[275] D. Drayna, “Founder Mutations,” Scientific American 293, no. 4 (2005) 80.

[276] B. Sykes, The Seven Daughters of Eve, Ch. 17, Cheddar Man Speaks (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001)169-184.

[277] H. Ross, The Genesis Question (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1998) 231 p.

[278] G. R. Morton, “Dating Adam,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 51, no. 2 (1999) 87-97.

[279] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1972) translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahams, 104; D. C. Harlow, “The Genesis Creation Accounts,” Origins Symposium, Calvin College, March 3, 2006, 39 p.

[280] J. M. Sasson, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East (New York: Scribners, 1995), 1818.

[281] S. N. Kramer, History Begins at Sumer (London: Thames and Hudson, 1961) 209-210.

[282] D. Fischer, The Origins Solution (Lima: Fairway Press, 1996) 382 p.

[283] D. A. Young, The Biblical Flood (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995) 51-53.

[284] U. Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, pt. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1972) translated from Hebrew by Israel Abrahams, 58.

[285] Слова в квадратных скобках добавлены в текст переводчиком, так как сказанное автором пришлось переформулировать на основе той версии текста Книги Бытие, который знаком русскоязычному читателю.

[286] B. Enick, Evolving in Eden (Pittsburg: AdamEve Publishing, 2007) 326 p.

[287] J. H. Walton, “Flood”, eds. T. D. Alexander and D. W. Baker, Dictionary of the Old Testament Pentateuch (Downer’s Grove: Intervarsity Press, 2003) 323.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Обеспечение быстрой и качественной транспортировки скоропортящейся продукции от производителей к потребите­лям имеет не только важное экономическое, но и социальное значение, поскольку снабжение населения страны продуктами пита­ния — одна из главнейших задач любого государства.

Большинство сельскохозяйственных пищевых продуктов относятся к группе скоропортящихся, которые требуют специальных условий хранения и транспортировки. Даже при кратковременном хранении в обычных условиях ухуд­шается их качество, т.е. — изменяется вкус, цвет, запах, консистенция. Сочетание целого ряда причин приводит к порче продуктов — это и химический состав самого про­дукта, и наличие в продуктах и на поверхности микроорга­низмов, и неблагоприятные условия хранения. Чтобы про­длить срок хранения продуктов с давних пор использова­лись различные способы их консервирования, в том числе холод. И сейчас основным средством консервирования про­дуктов являются низкие температуры.

Сохранение скоропортящихся продуктов может быть обеспечено, если для этого есть все необходимые средства, т.е. холодильники на местах сбора продуктов и производ­ства их погрузки, изотермический подвижной состав и холо­дильники в местах потребления продукции. Необходимо, чтобы во всех звеньях этой цепи для каждого продукта под­держивался оптимальный режим хранения и перевозки.

В условиях рыночной экономики отправитель вынужден заботиться о качестве продукции, о ее продвижении, в против­ном случае он потеряет грузовладельцев. Все — и отправители, и посредники, и транспортные организации, и получатели заин­тересованы в качественной и своевременной доставке грузов. В новых условиях проблему доставки скоропортящихся гру­зов можно решать путем системного подхода, базирующегося на принципах логистики, которая нацелена на организацию процесса качественной доставки грузов «точно в срок», без сверхнормативных потерь, с минимальными затратами.

Железнодорожный хладотранспорт является неотъемлемой частью железнодорожного транспорта. Выделение эксплуатации хладотранспорта в отдельную дисциплину вызвано рядом особенностей, основные из них следующие:

- необходимость обеспечения при перевозках скоропортящихся грузов условий, эквивалентных или близких к условиям хранения этих грузов на стационарных холодильниках и складах;

- потери массы и качества дорогостоящих массовых скоропортящихся грузов. Эти потери находятся в прямой зависимости от продолжительности перевозок и других факторов. Требуется выполнение предельных сроков перевозок и хранение для многих видов скоропортящихся грузов;

- высокая стоимость скоропортящихся грузов, которая в среднем в 7-8 раз превышает среднюю стоимость грузов, перевозимых по железной дороге;

- некоторая односторонность грузопотока, в результате которой возникает большой порожний пробег изотермических вагонов;

- дальность перевозок скоропортящихся грузов, которая превышает среднюю дальность перевозок не скоропортящихся грузов в 2-3,5 раза;

- сезонность перевозок, вызванная особенностью заготовок и производства скоропортящихся продуктов;

- необходимость создания при выполнении погрузочно-разгрузочных операций особых условий, связанных с сокращением воздействия неблагоприятных внешних факторов на скоропортящиеся грузы, для чего строятся специальные платформы, вводится дополнительная механизация для ускорения погрузочно-разгрузочных работ.

Все эти особенности приводят к необходимости своеобразного подхода к решению технических, технологических, экономических и управленческих вопросов эксплуатации железнодорожного хладотранспорта.

Хладотранспорт – это совокупность перевозимых транспортных средств и стационарных сооружений, предназначенных для перевозки скоропортящихся грузов. Главная задача его – сохранность качества скоропортящихся грузов в процессе перевозки и как можно быстрее доставить их в пункты назначения.

Хладотранспорт подразделяют на железнодорожный, автомобильный, водный (морской и речной), воздушный и трубопроводный.

Железнодорожный хладотранспорт имеет особое значение из-за огромных размеров перевозок скоропортящихся грузов. Главное направление в работе железнодорожного хладотранспорта – повышение качества перевозок скоропортящихся грузов, производительности труда, фондоотдачи, снижение текущих материальных затрат, более полное использование и освоение новых технических средств.

Цель курсовой работы – приобретение навыков решения практических задач, связанных с организацией и выполнением важных и сложных перевозок, какими являются перевозки скоропортящихся грузов.