X. Перепишите и переведите текст.

EXPERIMENTAL BRIDGE

A bridge is a structure built to cross some natural or artificial obstacles such as rivers, streets, railways and so on. First bridges had to be built out of the material close at hand*. In tropical jungles suspension bridges were made of long bamboo poles. In the places where there were many forests it was wood.

Simple suspension bridges were made by means of ropes and are still used in some countries. Two parallel ropes were suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river with a platform of woven mats laid across them. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas** of Peru used suspension bridges made of 6 strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two cables served as handrails***.

In Middle Ages people constructed wooden beam type bridges. They were usually built on stone piers or wooden piles. Bridges of this type are still used in Japan and India.

With the beginning of railway construction in the 19^th century there was a great demand for bridges and the railway companies had capital for building them. The first railway bridges were built of stone or brick. Later there appeared concrete and metal bridges. The first iron bridge crossed the river Severn in Great Britain.

Nowadays some people are experimenting with different unusual materials. One of them is paper. Nobody considers paper to be a very strong material. But paper-makers have another opinion. In order to prove it they built a paper bridge across a narrow canyon in Nevada. The bridge had a span of 32 ft. The designers calculated that it could safety span 80 ft. It took engineers only two months to design the bridge, to test and construct it.

For testing the engineers chose a truck which weighed 12,000 lb. This truck drove quite safely across the paper bridge. The engineers are sure that the bridge can take six times the truckload of 12,000 lb.

The bridge itself weighed 9,000 lb. So the structure was light enough to be laid into place by a helicopter.

Notes: *material close at hand – подручный материал

**Incas – Инки

***handrails – поручни

XI. Ответьте на общие вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. Were the first bridges made of steel?

2. Did people construct wooden beam type bridges in Middle Ages?

3. Was there a great demand for railway bridges in the 19^th century?

4. Are people experimenting with different unusual materials for constructing bridges?

5. Do paper-makers consider paper to be a strong material?

6. Was a paper bridge built across the river?

7. Is paper a widely used material for the bridge construction?

8. Did it take engineers only 2 years to construct the bridge made of paper?

9. Did engineers choose a train for testing the paper bridge?

10. Can a paper bridge be laid into place by a helicopter?

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) и группы Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в действительном и страдательном залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

1. The station master said that no trains had arrived at the station during the night because of the heavy snowstorm in the mountains. 2. The business day was in high gear: the mail was being looked through, the documents were being typed, letters were being answered, talks were being hold. 3. The reason for the freight train derailment has not been found yet. 4. The program of railway reforms is being implemented now in Russia. Under this program suburban and regional passenger services will be financed from local budgets. At the same time the government has promised to fund inter-city passenger service.