Existence accessible to reason of the individual of the higher trues which should play a role of reference points in a choice between good and harm, rather and anarchy.
Adaptation of traditional values of liberalism to realities of second half ХХ century has carried out neoliberalism. In a basis of its political program ideas of a consensus operating and operated, necessities of participation of weights for political process, democratisation of procedure of acceptance of administrative decisions have laid down. Unlike former propensity mechanically to define democratic character of political life on the majority, neoliberals began to prefer pluralistic forms of the organisation and government realisation.Ideas of strengthening of a role of state structures in public life, creations of "the social state” have appeared it not alien. In the field of economy they defend necessity of preservation of position of the different patterns of ownership equal in rights which viability the market should define. At the same time development of the market and its mechanisms is provided to be carried out under state control. The neoliberalism which has fixed outstanding position of this ideology in the world, more and more gets character not so much the accurate program, how many attitude, outlook, semantic orientations in which on the foreground there are general ideals and cultural principles;
- CONSERVATISM and neoconservatism.Conservatism (the term has used for the first time François Shatobrian [1768-1848] in the beginning of XIX century) Represents the double spiritual phenomenon. On the one hand, it is psychological installation, the style of thinking connected with domination of inertia and a habit, certain vital temperament, the system of guarding consciousness preferring former system of board, irrespective of its purposes and the maintenance. On the other hand, conservatism is an and corresponding model of behaviour in the politician and life in general, and a special ideological position with the philosophical basis, containing known reference points and principles of political participation, the relation to the state, a social order and associating with certain political actions, parties, the unions. Reaction of Zhozefa де Mestra (1753-1821), Lui де Bonalda (1754-1840), Edmunda Berk (1729-1797) on Great French revolution of XVIII century became the precondition of occurrence of these base representations Caused in founders of conservatism of thought about противоестественности conscious transformation of social usages. Conservatism, thus, is the ideological and political doctrine focused on preservation and maintenance of historically developed forms of the state and public life, in particular its valuable foundations embodied in a family, national features, religion, the property.
Conservatives ХIХ started with century a full priority of a society over the person: “people pass as a shade, but the general welfare” (E.Berk) is eternal. In their opinion, freedom of the person was defined by its duties before a society, possibility to adapt to its requirements, and the main point about transformations to a society was reduced to spiritual transformation of the person as past preservation in the present should be considered as a moral imperative before the future generations. The system of views of conservatives was based on a continuity priority before innovations, on a firmness recognition a natural way of the developed order of the things, given over hierarchy of human community, and also the corresponding moral principles underlying a family, religion and the property.
In first half 70th years ХХ century conservatism has turned to neoconservatism. Its most known representatives Irvin Kristol, Deniel Bell, Zbignev Bzhezinskyhave formulated a number of the ideas which have become by the answer to an economic crisis of that time, for expansion of influence of ideas of John Keynes (1883-1946), mass youth protest movements. In particular, neoconservatism began to recognise that only market relations conduct to real development of a society and the person; that freedom and equality are incompatible; that classical democracy is impracticable or harmful, in this connection it is necessary to combine in public life democracy with the power of elite; what is the right of the person is the right to have the property and freely to dispose of it; that the state has the limited right of intervention in economic life; that conservatives should head scientific and technical progress of the present.
- Social democratic ideology. It the roots leaves at the time of II Internatsionala (1889 - 1914) and is connected with Edward Bernstein's (1850-1932) creativity, Charles Kautsky (1854-1938), etc. Unlike K.Marx and its followers, Bernstein denied inevitability of wreck of capitalism and any communication of arrival of a socialism with this wreck. The socialism as this theorist considered, is not reduced to replacement of a private property public. The way by a socialism is a search new “companionable modes of production” in the conditions of peace development of capitalist economy and political democracy.“ Ultimate goal - anything, movement - all ”- such became the slogan of a reformist socialism. Its basic political ideas consisted in the following: negation of any dictatorship as forms of the political power; adherence to principles of democratic parliamentarism; the account of political pluralism and orientation to a consensus at the decision of the major problems; a priority of peace means of achievement of the socialist purposes; participation of the state in regulation of economy and development of market mechanisms; fidelity of the concept of social security of workers of weights; orientation to peaceful co-existence of the various states and their sufficient safety.
Social democrats in the western countries, being in power or influencing the power, in many respects promoted democratisation of the societies, expansion and fastening of the rights and freedom of workers. And that historical dispute which within more than 100 years was conducted among themselves by social democrats and communists, meanwhile it is possible to consider solved in favour of social democracy;
- Ideology of anarchism. Themodern anarchism represents set enough diverse political trends, moods and the orientations, making certain impact on world political process. Max Shtirner (1805-1856), Michael Aleksandrovich Bakunin (1814-1876), Peter Alekseevich Kropotkin (1842-1921), George Sorel (1847-1922) were ancestors of anarchism, etc. the Common feature of all forms of anarchism is representation about the state as the basic source of harm in a society, and its elimination, destruction - as the main condition of radical perfection of social relations. Anarchists also negatively concern political means and struggle tools, including to parties, the organisations as their activity concentrates round influence problems on the government or its gains;
- технократизмin political sphere appears as set of theories and the methods of interpretation based on them and decisions of the political problems which are starting with confidence what exactly the technician and its evolution has solving influence on definition of concrete shape of political systems. Evolution технократизма as political direction is connected with T.Veblenom, the American economist and the sociologist who has put forward idea of "revolution of engineers” - transition in their hands of the power not only on manufacture, but also in a society where the traditional policy turns in техновластие. Arisen in 70th years of the XX-th century the theory of a postindustrial society focused attention on such phenomena, as introduction of computer systems and technologies, active use of electronic technics in manufacture, a life, management, communication and formation. The theory of a postindustrial society departs from many traditional postulates технократизма.
V. In modern Russia there is a crystallisation of ideologies, preferences and formation bipolar (or bipolar) ideological system - liberalism on one pole and communism to social democratism in its various forms - on other. Centrist orientations remain till now rather inexpressive. The basic groups of political ideologies in the Russian Federation look as follows:
Demokratichesko-liberal, supporting continuation of radical market reforms in the western spirit (its adherents consider itself to 20 % of interrogated citizens);
National patriotic or ideology of "Russian nationalists”, offering to the supporters certain independent “Russian way” developments (its supporters consider itself to 10 % interrogated);
Kommunistichesko-patriotic ideology of supporters of a socialism, its adherents believe itself to 20 % interrogated;
Moods of "centrism"are shown by the people who are not supporting the extremely right and left extremist groupings, in polls they occupy 17-20 %. It is that part of the electorate, which else waits for occurrence of the ideas, capable to lead to the power of representatives of middle class.
Interaction of these groups of ideologies on political space of Russia forms a phenomenon known in a science as “an ideological discourse”. In polemic of representatives of three basic doctrines - socialist, nationalist and liberally-democratic, - in their direct rivalry there are factors which define both rates of reforming, and character of the economic and sociopolitical device of our country.
COMMUNISM
The communistic ideology was generated on the basis of Marxism - the doctrine which have arisen in the Western Europe in the middle of XIX century In a counterbalance dominating then classical liberalism Marxism has formulated the doctrine about construction of a fair society in which, at last, it will be once and for all finished operation of the person by the person. In it all kinds of social alienation of the person from the power, the property and results of work will be overcome. Such society was
It is named by communistic. The Marxism became outlook of the proletariat which has appeared as a result of occurred industrial revolution. The Marxism represented the radical ideology focusing attention on revolutionary methods of construction of a new society. Prevalence of revolutionary, violent methods of transformation of the social validity followed from the maintenance of the Marxist concept of social development.As the Marxism recognised possibility of scientific knowledge of the surrounding validity and a formulation of laws of development of a society so far as he recognised also possibility of faultless definition of ways of its transformation. Working out of scientifically well-founded program of transformations stimulated activity on its prompt realisation. In brief the scheme of historical progress in Marxism looked as follows: Public changes are caused by character and a level of development of production of goods, first of all productive forces, and also influence of cultural, psychological, historical and other factors. Therefore historical progress is consecutive change of socioeconomic structures. Antagonichesky formations (slaveholding, feudal, capitalist) arise on the basis of a private property, and the communism (and its first phase - a socialism) is formed on essentially other economic basis - public property. Irreconcilability of social interests of proletariat and bourgeoisie and, hence, rigid class struggle are caused by private property preservation in hands of a class of bourgeoisie. Revolutionary transition from capitalism by a socialism should consist first of all in экспроприации to a private property and its transfer to hands of those who the work creates all riches of a society, and also in an establishment of dictatorship of proletariat.
The communistic society is characterised by presence of the new person who has disdained material calculation and benefit, focused on moral stimulus to work which it is possible to describe formulas work for the public good there is simultaneously a work for the blessing own and descendants; in work the person is formed; work is a way of self-expression, self-realisation of the person, etc. the Most important mechanism of integration of various elements of social structure the communist party has been recognised. With a view of fuller realisation of this function of party its transformation into imperious structure, merging with the state which under its management should be replaced with system of public self-management gradually was supposed.
FASCISM
Unlike liberalism, conservatism and the communism, concrete social classes guided by interests and groups, the fascism leans against idea of the racial superiority, national identity and provides population integration round the purposes of national revival.
Such versions of fascism as the Italian fascism and German national socialism, has been caused to life by a number of the reasons. Occurrence of new kinds of activity and forms of division of labour destroyed habitual social communications and traditional way of life. Complication of social relations was supplemented with a deep economic crisis of the end of 20th of XX century In these conditions classical liberal values could not play a role of inspiring motives of human activity and factors of integration of a society. Processes of an absolute impoverishment of the population, destruction of former social structure and occurrence considerable marginal and люмпенских groups depreciated liberal ideals of the free person. In such situation integrating and inspiring role values of national revival and unity have played. Especially actual they became for Germany as in it the national consciousness of the population of all has been more humiliated by defeat in the First World War.
Distinctions of Italian and German fascism consist in the following. If the ideology of the Italian fascism aspired to revive power of Sacred Roman empire and was not so attractive for wide broad masses the national socialism became ideology which could rally various social groups idea of the national superiority of Aryan race, having connected it to social equality and justice slogans. In one of the speeches A.Hitler so has formulated an ideal of a new society:« We want to make selection of a layer of the new misters alien to morals, pity, a layer which will understand that it has the right to dominate on the basis of the best race, a layer which will manage to establish and keep without hesitation the domination over wide weight ». The ideology of national socialism created new type of the person, free, on A.Hitler's expression,« from aggravating restrictions of reason, from dirty and humiliating self-poisonings with the chimeras called by conscience and morals, and from the requirement of freedom and personal independence which the few can use only ». Creation of conditions for development of the national German state was supposed for the account« expansions of vital space in the east "," elimination whole
Racial units "and" maintenance of food supply »Germany.
It is paradoxical, but even at cardinal distinction of ideals and values principles of construction of a new society in communism and fascism have appeared similar. These principles included total submission of a society of one ideology, one idea (with that only a difference that in the first case it there was an idea of "the light future», and in the second - idea of "the superiority of Aryan race»); the exclusive power of one party (communistic or national socialist) as main element of political system; use of political terror and a support on violence bodies in maintenance of political stability and ideological unity of a society.
Social democratism
Along with liberalism more viable and socially effective in practice there was the ideology of social democratism forming appreciably centrist political orientation. Having arisen more hundred years ago, it was surprisingly pragmatic that has defined high vital force of its ideas, despite radical changes in the world. While many political ideologies fell into decay, the ideology of social democratism strengthened the influence in the world community. Today the social democratic ideology is the political doctrine of centrist forces though it arose as the left ideology, as one of currents in Marxism. Plasticity of theoretical positions which never had orthodox character, allowed it to change together with changes of the social validity. It could integrate achievements of political thought of different directions, including Marxism and liberalism, and to create the ideology expressing interests of wide layers of the western society: workers, intelligency, businessmen. This circumstance causes a particular interest to ideology of social democratism as it allocates it from a general series of political ideologies with absence of claims on глобальность and rigid нормативность.
Theoretical bases of social democratism have been put by E.Bernstein in work «Preconditions of a socialism and a social democracy problem» (1899). In it it has proved the thesis about ability of capitalism to self-development and on this basis has carried out audit of conclusions of classical Marxism. E.Bernstein's many ideas were included into the political doctrine of modern social democracy. This doctrine has been formulated on the constituent congress of social democrats in Frankfurt am Main in 1951 in the concept of "a democratic socialism». The main values «demokra -
тического a socialism »Sotsintern recognised freedom, justice, solidarity. To realise the given values it is possible, according to authors of the concept, only by means of economic, political and spiritual democracy. Accordingly the socialism in the declaration is characterised not as a rigid social design, and as process of constant movement towards realisation of the named values, enrichments of their real maintenance. In the declaration the socialism acts more likely as a moral category, rather than economic though at that time social democracy did not refuse yet nationalisation, and only limited to its frameworks of economic feasibility.
In the concept of "a democratic socialism» the socialist purpose is considered not from positions of an economic determinism, as in Marxism, and proceeding from the assumption of the limited informative force of any general theory as any theory needs constant updating, specifications, revision depending on change of real conditions. On the constituent congress social democrats have refused a uniform ideological basis of the movement that has allowed them to overcome доктринальную narrowness in definition of strategy, tactics, the program purposes and the principles, peculiar to communistic movement and led to falling of its authority and influence in the world. Moreover, in Sotsinterne the pre-war principle of compulsion of decisions for parties entering into it has ceased to operate. Each party has been recognised by independent and responsible only before the members and voters that has provided Sotsinternu organizational stability. In practice the concept of "a democratic socialism» has been successfully realised in Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, Norway and some other countries.
Except considered, in the modern world other ideologies use considerable influence also; for example, экологизм, the nationalism, not connected with interests of concrete classes.
Control questions to a theme
1. What role and appointment of political ideology inlife of the person and a society?
2. When and why there were first ideologies?
3. What functions are carried out by ideology in a society?
4. What distinguishes ideology from religion, propagation?
5. Whether you can tell, what profess any ideology?
6. To what signs political ideologies differ?
7. Formulate characteristic signs of the right ideologies.
8. Than the left ideologies differ from the right?
9. How centrists imagine development of a society?
10. Name substantive provisions of liberal ideology. How you consider, in what of its merits and demerits?
11. Whether it is always bad to be the conservative? What positive moments of conservative ideology?
12. When and why there was a communistic ideology? It reflects whose interests?
13. Whether it is possible to recognise communism substantive provisions utopian? If it is possible, why and if it is impossible too - for what reasons?
14. What has caused fascism occurrence? Describe that society which ideologists of fascism aspired to create.
15. Than, in your opinion, it is possible to explain survivability of fascist ideas?
16. What distinctive features of social democratic ideology in comparison with other ideologies?
17. Than practical efficiency of social democratic ideology is caused?
18. What reasons of crash of communism as state ideology in Russia?
19. Why ideas of liberalism have not been claimed by the Russian society after wreck of communistic ideology?
20. With what the limited influence of liberal ideology on life of the Russian society is connected?
21. Why, in your opinion, in Russia the ideological system with extreme poles is formed: communism - liberalism? Give reason for the answer.
22. What role of "Russian idea» in life of a modern Russian society?
23. What idea could to unite, in your opinion, the Russian society on a progress way? Give reason for the answer.
Logic tasks and problem questions
1. As you know now, the American sociologist D.Bell in the book «the ideology End» insists that the era of ideology is finished. However other American sociologist and economist U.Rostou asserts that as a motive power of development of a society the outlook always acts. In other words, he believes that ideas correct the world. Compare these two statements. Result arguments pro's and con's that and another.
2. The Spanish philosopher X. Ortega-and-Gasset asserted that «any power in the world never was based upon what, except public opinion... At the majority of people of opinion is not present, it is necessary to give opinion to them, to pour in, as lubricant oil in the car». Whether you Agree with the given statement? What role of ideology and a political propaganda in formation of public opinion, group and individual preferences and values?
3. Negation of a role of ideology in society life is given reason more often by that people became more practical and in the acts are guided by common sense. What, in your opinion, an ideology and common sense parity?
4. The modern ideological situation in the western countries is that that "in the pure state" the liberal or conservative ideology there does not exist any more: they взаимопереплетаются. Than, in your opinion, such interosculation of various ideologies is caused?
5. The ideology defines structure and the mechanism of functioning of the power. So, founding fathers of the USA at formation of authorities were guided by creation of such system at which it would be possible to avoid direct pressure upon the government from citizens. Therefore, for example, the president is selected by an electoral college, instead of is direct citizens; the Supreme court is appointed the president and the senate and is not subject to control from voters. How you consider, than the ideology of formation of political system in the USA differs from that in modern Russia?
6. What of statements, in your opinion, is closer to true:
Ideology are "rests" certain «sensual dogmas», absolute trues; the public judgements which are based on a mix of the facts and feelings (V.Pareto);
The ideology is «voluntary mystification» (K.Mann-gejm);
«The ideology is an unrecognizable lie» (B.A.Levi);
«Ideologies are the systems of values which are representing itself as political outlook, possessing force of belief and big ориентационным in potential» (E.Shilz)?
Give reason for the choice.
7. What of political ideologies, in your opinion, leans against following values:
Continuity of development;
Priority of interests of the state over interests of the person;
Cult of traditions, national culture, patriotism;
Authority of church, family, school;
Pragmatism, common sense;
Course and minimum of social changes;
Morals cult;
The religious and spiritual purposes of political activity; freedom and responsibility;
Historical unity of the past, the present and the future? 8. Properly, in your opinion, to understand the maintenance of communistic ideology from K.Marx and F.Engelsa's following statement: «Communism for us not a condition which should be established, not an ideal with which should сообразовываться the validity. We name communism the valid movement which destroys a present condition», meaning under «a present condition» domination, operation of one class by another?
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