The reasons of occurrence of modern parties and their nature

Occurrence of parties in modern understanding has been caused by set of the political and institutional changes which have occurred in the European countries in XIX century First, increase of a role of parliament, and then and strengthening of parliamentary and democratic modes, has led to necessity of formation of the bodies representing in structures those authorities or other steady interests. Parliamentary groups became such body институциализации interests. In process of strengthening of a role of representative assemblies the aspiration of the deputies who had the identical purposes, to association for joint actions increased. Secondly, the universalisation of the suffrage and its distribution on new groups of the population have expanded possibilities of citizens to influence elections.Now the policy ceases to be business only a narrow layer of persons (elite), and concerns each person. There were selective committees of the different levels which problem is support of the candidate and its election campaign, and after a victory on elections - realisation of a continuous communication of the deputy with its electorate (voters). Coordination and an establishment of regular communications between parliamentary groups and selective committees became the basic way of formation of parties. Such parties (and their majority) M.Djuverzhe named parties of an electoral and parliamentary origin.

Except them, M.Djuverzhe in work "Political parties" has especially allocated parties «external origin» which nature is not connected neither with selective, nor with parliamentary mechanisms. These parties became successors of those organisations and institutes which existed earlier and operated on a political scene, however did not participate in elections. So, the majority of Liberal parties in Europe have occurred from philosophical societies; industrial and financial groupings promoted creation of a wide spectrum of right parties; from revolutionary groups, action -

вавших in illegal conditions, communist parties were formed; the unions of the former front-line soldiers have made a basis of Fascist parties in Italy and Germany etc.

ДОБАВКА МУНТЯН Партии и партийные системы

VI. The Variety historical and социокультурных conditions of development of the countries and the people has led to occurrence of the various party structures different from each other by a structure, functions, lines of activity. Therefore there is a set of criteria according to which classification of parties is made:

- Under social programs of activity when share on socialist, liberal, communistic, conservative, class, nationalist, religious etc.;

- On the ideological bases of their activity when they act as доктринальные (protection of the ideology), pragmatical (guided by practical actions), charismatic (uniting round the concrete political leader);

- On methods of performance of programs, appearing as revolutionary (societies aspiring to radical qualitative transformation) and reformatory (aimed at improvement of public life without sharp structural changes);

- On character of political actions, acting as reactionary, conservative, moderated, radical, extremist;

- On participation in selected public authorities, being as correcting and oppositional;

- In a place in a political spectrum, it being represented as left, centrist and right;

- On style of dialogue between party leaders and member base, differing as democratic and not democratic;

- On the character of membership dividing them on personnel (differ small number, free membership, organizational friability or discipline), mass (aimed at involving in the numbers as it is possible большего numbers of people);

- On the organizational structure defining them as parliamentary (as primary formations territorial committees act), labour (representing a version of the parliamentary parties supposing collective membership including labour collectives), vanguard (are constructed on principles of democratic centralism and territorial and production association of the members).