Список літератури, представлений в прототипі клінічної настанови 5 страница

461. Kostis JB, Wilson AC, Freudenberger RS, Cosgrove NM, Pressel SL, Davis BR. SHEP Collaborative Research Group. Long-term effect of diuretic-based therapy on fatal outcomes in subjects with isolated sys­tolic hypertension with and without diabetes. Am J Cardiol 2005;95: 29–35. CT.

462. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihyper-tensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;369:201–207. MA.

463. Domanski M, Norman J, Pitt B, Haigney M, Hanlon S, Peyster E; Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:705–708. RT.

464. Yusuf S, Gerstein H, Hoogwerf B, Pogue J, Bosch J, Wolffenbuttel BH, Zinman B. HOPE Study Investigators. Ramipril and the development of diabetes. JAMA 2001;286:1882–1885. RT.

465. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Ostergren J, Yusuf S, Pocock S. CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003;362:759–766. RT.

466. DREAM Trial Investigators; Bosch J, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Sheridan P, Dagenais G, Diaz R, Avezum A, Lanas F, Probstfield J, Fodor G, Holman RR. Effect of ramipril on the incidence of diabetes. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1551–1562. RT.

467. Howard BV, Rodriguez BL, Bennett PH, Harris MI, Hamman R, Kuller LH, Pearson TA, Wylie-Rosett J. Prevention Conference VI: Diabetes and Cardiovascular disease: Writing Group I: epidemiology. Circulation 2002;105:132–137. RV.

468. Alderman MH, Cohen H, Madhavan S. Diabetes and cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1999;33:1130–1134. OS.

469. Dunder K, Lind L, Zethelius B, Berglund L, Lithell H. Increase in blood glucose concentration during antihypertensive treatment as a predictor of myocardial infarction: population based cohort study. Br Med J 2003; 326:681. OS.

470. Eberly LE, Cohen JD, Prineas R, Yang L. Intervention Trial Research group. Impact of incident diabetes and incident nonfatal cardiovascular disease on 18-year mortality: the multiple risk factor intervention trial experience. Diabetes Care 2003;26:848–854. CT.

471. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, Borgioni C, Gattobigio R, Filippucci L, Norgiolini S, Bracco C, Porcellati C. Adverse prognostic significance of new diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004;43: 963–969. OS.

472. Almgren T, Willemsen O, Samuelsson O, Himmelmann A, Rosengren A, Anderson OK. Diabetes in treated hypertension is common and carries a high cardiovascular risk: results from 20 years follow up. J Hypertens 2007; in press. OS.

473. Collins R, MacMahon S. Blood pressure, antihypertensive drug treatment and the risk of stroke and of coronary heart disease. Br Med Bull 1994; 50:272–298. MA.

474. Sever PS, Poulter NR, Dahlof B, Wedel H. Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial Investigators. Different time course for prevention of coronary and stroke events by atorvastatin in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA). Am J Cardiol 2005;96:39F–44F. RT.

475. Atkins RC, Briganti EM, Lewis JB, Hunsicker LG, Braden G, Champion de Crespigny PJ, DeFerrari G, Drury P, Locatelli F, Wiegmann TB, Lewis EJ. Proteinuria reduction and progression to renal failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overt nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;45:281–287. OS.

476. The ACE Inhibitors in Diabetic Nephropathy Trialist Group. Should all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Ann Int Med 2001;134:370–379. MA.

477. Parving HH, Hommel E, Jensen BR, Hansen HP. Long-term beneficial effect of ACE inhibition on diabetic nephropathy in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients. Kidney Int 2001;60:228–234. OS.

478. Julius S, Nesbitt SD, Egan BM, Weber MA, Michelson EL, Kaciroti N, Black HR, Grimm RH Jr, Messerli FH, Oparil S, Schork MA. Trial of Pre­venting Hypertension (TROPHY) Study Investigators. Feasibility of treat­ing prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1685–1697. RT.

479. Weber MA, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, Hua T, Laragh JH, McInnes GT, Mitchell L, Plat F, Schork MA, Smith B, Zanchetti A. Blood pressure dependent and independent effects of anti-hypertensive treatment on clinical events in the VALUE Trial. Lancet 2004;363:2049–2051. CT.

480. Pepine CJ, Kowey PR, Kupfer S, Kolloch RE, Benetos A, Mancia G, Coca A, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Handberg E, Gaxiola E, Sleight P, Conti CR, Hewkin AC, Tavazzi L. INVEST Investigators. Predictors of adverse outcome among patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:547–551. OS.

481. Benetos A, Thomas F, Bean KE, Guize L Why cardiovascular mortality is higher in treated hypertensives versus subjects of the same age, in the general population. J Hypertens 2003;21:1635–1640. OS.

482. Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Anderson C, Rodgers A, Davis S, Macmahon S, Neal B. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens 2006;24:1201–1208. OS.

483. Zanchetti A, Hansson L, Clement D, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Rosenthal T, Waeber B, Wedel H. HOT Study Group. Benefits and risks of more inten­sive blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients of the HOT study with different risk profiles: does a J-shaped curve exist in smokers? J Hypertens 2003;21:797–804. CT.

484. Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. Br Med Journal 1999;318:1730–1737. MA.

485. Shekelle PG, Rich MW, Morton SC, Atkinson CS, Tu W, Maglione M, Rhodes S, Barrett M, Fonarow GC, Greenberg B, Heidenreich PA, Knabel T, Konstam MA, Steimle A, Warner Stevenson L. Efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers in the man­agement of left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to race, gender, and diabetic status: a meta-analysis of major clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1529–1538. MA.

486. Sega R, Cesana G, Milesi C, Grassi G, Zanchetti A, Mancia G. Ambulatory and home blood pressure normality in the elderly: data from the PAMELA population. Hypertension 1997;30:1–6. OS.

487. Mancia G, Parati G. Office compared with ambulatory blood pressure in assessing response to antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2004;22:435–445. MA.

488. Messerli FH, Mancia G, Conti CR, Hewkin AC, Kupfer S, Champion A, Kolloch R, Benetos A, Pepine CJ. Dogma disputed: can aggressively low­ering blood pressure in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease be dangerous? Ann Intern Med 2006;144:884–893. OS.

489. Boutitie F, Gueyffier F, Pocock S, Fagard R, Boissel JP. INDANA Project Steering Committee. INdividual Data ANalysis of Antihypertensive inter­vention. J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients: new insights from a meta-analysis of individual-patient data. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:438–448. MA.

490. Samuelsson OG, Wilhelmsen LW, Pennert KM, Wedel H, Berglund GL. The J-shaped relationship between coronary heart disease and achieved blood pressure level in treated hypertension: further analyses of 12 years of follow-up of treated hypertensives in the Primary Prevention Trial in Gothenburg, Sweden. J Hypertens 1990;8:547–555. OS.

491. Cruickshank JM, Pennert K, Sorman AE, Thorp JM, Zacharias FM, Zacharias FJ. Low mortality from all causes, including myocardial infarction, in well-controlled hypertensives treated with a beta-blocker plus other antihypertensives. J Hypertens 1987;5:489–498. OS.

492. Staessen J, Bulpitt C, Clement D, De Leeuw P, Fagard R, Fletcher A, Forette F, Leonetti G, Nissinen A, O’Malley K. Relation between mor­tality and treated blood pressure in elderly patients with hypertension: report of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Br Med J 1989;298:1552–1556. CT.

493. Bonet S, Agusti A, Arnau JM, Vidal X, Diogene E, Galve E, Laporte JR. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents in heart failure: benefits of vasodilat-ing and non-vasodilating agents according to patients’ characteristics: a metaanalysis of clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:621–627. MA.

494. Mancia G, Grassi G. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure control in anti-hypertensive drug trials. J Hypertens 2002;20:1461–1464. RV.

495. Mancia G, Brown M, Castaigne A, de Leeuw P, Palmer CR, Rosenthal T, Wagener G, Ruilope LM. INSIGHT. Outcomes with nifedipine GITS or Co-amilozide in hypertensive diabetics and nondiabetics in Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension (INSIGHT). Hypertension 2003;41:431–436. RT.

496. Ambrosioni E. Pharmacoeconomic challenges in disease management of hypertension. J Hypertens 2001;19(Suppl 3):S33–S40. RV.

497. Schulzer M, Mancini GB. ‘Unqualified success’ and ‘unmitigated failure’: number-needed-to-treat-related concepts for assessing treatment effi­cacy in the presence of treatment-induced adverse events. Int J Epide­miol 1996;25:704–712. RV.

498. Zanchetti A, Mancia G. Benefits and cost-effectiveness of antihyperten-sive therapy. The actuarial versus the intervention trial approach. J Hypertens 1996;14:809–811. RV.

499. Zanchetti A, Hansson L, Menard J, Leonetti G, Rahn KH, Warnold I, Wedel H. Risk assessment and treatment benefit in intensively treated hypertensive patients of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) study. J Hypertens 2001;19:819–825. OS.

500. Zanchetti A. Costs of implementing recommendations on hypertension management given in recent guidelines. J Hypertens 2003;21: 2207–2209. RV.

501. Moser M. Are lifestyle interventions in the management of hypertension effective? How long should you wait before starting specific medical therapy? An ongoing debate. J Clin Hypertens 2005;7:324–326. RV.

502. Dickinson HO, Mason JM, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Cook SW, Williams B, Ford GA. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. J Hypertens 2006;24:215–233. MA.

503. Haynes RB, McDonald HP, Garg AX. Helping patients follow prescribed treatment: clinical applications. JAMA 2002;288:2880–2883.

504. Groppelli A, Giorgi DM, Omboni S, Parati G, Mancia G. Persistent blood pressure increase induced by heavy smoking. J Hypertens 1992;10: 495–499.

505. Grassi G, Seravalle G, Calhoun DA, Bolla GB, Giannattasio C, Marabini M, Del Bo A, Mancia G. Mechanisms responsible for sympathetic activation by cigarette smoking in humans. Circulation 1994;90:248–253.

506. Narkiewicz K, van de Borne PJ, Hausberg M, Cooley RL, Winniford MD, Davison DE, Somers VK. Cigarette smoking increases sympathetic outflow in humans. Circulation 1998;98:528–534.

507. Seltzer CC. Effect of smoking on blood pressure. Am Heart J 1974;87: 558–564.

508. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Zampi I, Battistelli M, Gattobigio R, Sacchi N, Porcellati C. Cigarette smoking, ambulatory blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1995;13:1209–1215. OS.

509. Mann SJ, James GD, Wang RS, Pickering TG. Elevation of ambulatory sys­tolic blood pressure in hypertensive smokers. A case-control study. JAMA 1991;265:2226–2228. OS.

510. Bang LE, Buttenschon L, Kristensen KS, Svendsen TL. Do we undertreat hypertensive smokers? A comparison between smoking and non-smoking hypertensives. Blood Press Monit 2000;5:271–274.

511. Mundal R, Kjeldsen SE, Sandvik L, Erikssen G, Thaulow E, Erikssen J. Predictors of 7-year changes in exercise blood pressure: effects of smoking physical fitness pulmonary function. J Hypertens 1997;15: 245–249. OS.

512. Primatesta P, Falaschetti E, Gupta S, Marmot MG, Poulter NR. Associ­ation between smoking and blood pressure: evidence from the health survey for England. Hypertension 2001;37:187–193. OS.

513. Omvik P. How smoking affects blood pressure. Blood Press 1996;5: 71–77. RV.

514. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 1994; 309:901–911. OS.

515. Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, Helmrich SP, Shapiro S. The risk of myocar-dial infarction after quitting smoking in men under 55 years of age. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1511–1514. OS.

516. Manson JE, Tosteson H, Ridker PM, Satterfield S, Hebert P, O’Connor GT, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. The primary prevention of myocardial infarc­tion. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1406–1416.

517. Wilson K, Gibson N, Willan A, Cook D. Effect of smoking cessation on mortality after myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:939–944. MA.

518. Tsevat J, Weinstein MC, Williams LW, Tosteson AN, Goldman L. Expected gains in life expectancy from various coronary heart disease risk factor modifications. Circulation 1991;83:1194–1201. OS.

519. Silagy C, Mant D, Fowler G, Lodge M. Meta-analysis on efficacy of nic­otine replacement therapies in smoking cessation. Lancet 1994;343: 139–142. MA.

520. Tonstad S, Farsang C, Klaene G, Lewis K, Manolis A, Perruchoud AP, Silagy C, van Spiegel PI, Astbury C, Hider A, Sweet R. Bupropion SR for smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease: a multi-centre, randomised study. Eur Heart J 2003;24:946–955. RT.

521. Nides M, Oncken C, Gonzales D, Rennard S, Watsky EJ, Anziano R, Reeves KR. Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: results from a 7-week, randomized, placebo- and bupropion-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1561–1568. RT.

522. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence. Br Med J 1997; 315:973–980. RV.

523. Stranges S, Bonner MR, Fucci F, Cummings KM, Freudenheim JL, Dorn JM, Muti P, Giovino GA, Hyland A, Trevisan M. Lifetime cumulative exposure to secondhand smoke and risk of myocardial infarction in never smokers: results from the Western New York health study, 1995-2001. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1961–1967. OS.

524. Rimm EB, Williams P, Fosher K, Criqui M, Stampfer MJ. Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. Br Med J 1999;319:1523–1528. MA.

525. Fillmore KM, Kerr WC, Stockwell T, Chikritzhs T, Bostrom A. Moderate alcohol use and reduced mortality risk: Systematic error in prospective studies. Addiction Research & Theory 2006;14:101–132. RV.

526. Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Rakie V. Alcohol, hypertension and the cardiovas­cular system: a critical appraisal. Addiction Biol 1997;2:159–170. RV.

527. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. Patterns of alcohol intake and risk of stroke in middle-aged British men. Stroke 1996;27:1033–1039. OS.

528. Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R. Regular alcohol use raises blood pressure in treated hypertensive subjects. A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1987;1:647–651. RT.

529. Law MR. Epidemiologic evidence on salt and blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 1997;10(Suppl 5):S42–S45. RV.

530. Joint WHO/FAO Expert report on diet, nutrition, the prevention of chronic disease. Executive Summary. www.who.int. RV

531. Cutler JA, Follman D, Alexander PS. Randomized controlled trials of sodium reduction: an overview. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(Suppl 2): S643–S651. MA.

532. Graudal NA, Galloe AM, Garred P. Effects of sodium restriction on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterols, and trigly-ceride: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1998;279:1383–1391. MA.

533. He FJ, MacGregor GA. How far should salt intake be reduced? Hyperten­sion 2003;42:1093–1099. RV.

534. Robertson JIJ. Dietary salt and hypertension: a scientific issue or a matter of faith? J Eval Clin Pract 2003;9:1–22. RV.

535. Australian National Health Medical Research Council Dietary Salt Study Management Committee. Effects of replacing sodium intake in subjects on a low sodium diet a crossover study. Clin Exp Hypertens 1989;A11: 1011–1024.

536. He FJ, Markandu ND, MacGregor GA. Importance of the renin system for determining blood pressure fall with acute salt restriction in hyperten­sive and normotensive whites. Hypertension 2001;38:321–325. OS.

537. Grassi G, Dell’Oro R, Seravalle G, Foglia G, Quarti Trevano F, Mancia G. Short- and long-term neuroadrenergic effects of moderate dietary sodium restriction in essential hypertension. Circulation 2002;106: 1957–1961.

538. Grassi G, Cattaneo BM, Seravalle G, Lanfranchi A, Bolla G, Mancia G. Baroreflex impairment by low sodium diet in mild or moderate essential hypertension. Hypertension 1997;29:802–807.

539. Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, Karanja N, Elmer PJ, Sacks FM. Amer­ican Heart Association. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hyper­tension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2006;47:296–308. GL.

540. Otten J, Pitzi Helliwig J, Meyers LD. The dietary reference intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006. RV.

541. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER 3rd, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH; DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001;344:3–10. RT.

542. Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation 1993;88:523–533. MA.

543. Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE, Donders AR, Kok FJ. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of ran­domized trials. J Hypertens 2002;20:1493–1499. MA.

544. Appel LJ, Miller ER 3rd, Seidler AJ, Whelton PK. Does supplementation of diet with ‘fish oil’ reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of con­trolled clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1429–1438. MA.

545. He J, Whelton PK. Effect of dietary fiber and protein intake on blood pressure: a review of epidemiologic evidence. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999;21:785–796. RV.

546. He J, Streiffer RH, Muntner P, Krousel-Wood MA, Whelton PK. Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Hypertens 2004;22:73–80. RT.

547. Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Bucher HC, Cook DJ. The influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure: an updated metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hyper-tens 1999;12:84–92. MA.

548. Jee SH, Miller ER 3rd, Guallar E, Singh VK, Appel LJ, Klag MJ. The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Hypertens 2002;15:691–696. MA.

549. Visvanathan R, Chen R, Horowitz M, Chapman I. Blood pressure responses in healthy older people to 50 g carbohydrate drinks with dif­fering glycaemic effects. Br J Nutr 2004;92:335–340. OS.

550. Pereira MA, Swain J, Goldfine AB, Rifai N, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-glycemic load diet on resting energy expenditure and heart disease risk factors during weight loss. JAMA 2004;292:2482–2490. OS.

551. Margetts BM, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R, Armstrong BK. Vegetarian diet in mild hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 1986;293: 1468–1471. RT.

552. Bao DQ, Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ. Effects of dietary fish and weight reduction on ambulatory blood pressure in overweight hyperten­sives. Hypertension 1998;32:710–717. OS.

553. Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Khoury P, Witt S, Morrison JA. Correlates of the hemodynamic determinants of blood pressure. Hypertension 1996;28: 37–41. OS.

554. Stamler J. Epidemiologic findings on body mass and blood pressure in adults. Ann Epidemiol 1991;1:347–362. OS.

555. Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized con­trolled trials. Hypertension 2003;42:878–884. MA.

556. Stevens VJ, Corrigan SA, Obarzanek E, Bernauer E, Cook NR, Hebert P, Mattfeldt-Beman M, Oberman A, Sugars C, Dalcin AT. Weight loss inter­vention in phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. The TOHP Collaborative Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:849–858. CT.

557. Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, Lee IM, Appel LJ, Smith West D, Milas NC, Mattfeldt-Beman M, Belden L, Bragg C, Millstone M, Raczynski J, Brewer A, Singh B, Cohen J. Trials for the Hypertension Pre­vention Research Group. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:1–11. RT.

558. Huang Z, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Colditz GA. Body weight, weight change, and risk for hypertension in women. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:81–88. OS.

559. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Effects of weight loss and sodium reduction intervention on blood pressure and hypertension incidence in overweight people with high-normal blood pressure. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:657–667. RT.

560. Langford HG, Blaufox MD, Oberman A, Hawkins CM, Curb JD, Cutter GR, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Pressel S, Babcock C, Abernethy JD. Dietary therapy slows the return of hypertension after stopping prolonged medi­cation. JAMA 1985;253:657–664. RT.

561. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger WH Jr, Kostis JB, Kumanyika S, Lacy CR, Johnson KC, Folmar S, Cutler JA. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic inter­ventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 1998;279:839–846. RT.

562. Sandvik L, Erikssen J, Thaulow E, Erikssen G, Mundal R, Rodahl K. Physical fitness as a predictor of mortality among healthy, middle-aged Norwegian men. N Engl J Med 1993;328:533–537. OS.

563. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension 2005;46:667–675. OS.

564. Fagard RH. Exercise characteristics and the blood pressure response to dynamic physical training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:S484–S492. OS.

565. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2005;23:251–259. MA.

566. Jennings GL. Exercise, blood pressure: Walk, run or swim? J Hypertens 1997;15:567–569. RV.

567. Stringer WW, Wasserman K. Statement on exercise: American College of Chest Physicians/American Thoracic Society-exercise for fun or profit? Chest 2005;127:1072–1073. GL.

568. Fagard RH, Bjornstad HH, Borjesson M, Carre F, Deligiannis A, Vanhees L. European Society of Cardiology. ESC Study Group of Sports Cardiology recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activities and competitive sports for patients with hypertension. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005;12:326–331. GL.

569. Heidenreich PA, McDonald KM, Hastie T, Fadel B, Hagan V, Lee BK, Hlatky MA. Meta-analysis of trials comparing beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, and nitrates for stable angina. JAMA 1999;281: 1927–1936. MA.

570. Sharma AM, Pischon T, Hardt S, Kunz I, Luft FC. Hypothesis: Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and weight gain: a systematic analysis. Hypertension 2001;37:250–254. RV.

571. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Borch-Johnsen K, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Kristianson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H, Aurup P, Edelman JM, Snapinn S. For the LIFE study group. Risk of new-onset diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study. J Hypertens 2002;20:1879–1886. RT.

572. Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Mancia G, McInnes GT, Hua T, Weber MA, Coca A, Ekman S, Girerd X, Jamerson K, Larochelle P, MacDonald TM, Schmieder RE, Schork MA, Stolt P, Viskoper R, Widimsky J, Zanchetti A. VALUE Trial Investigators. Effects of valsartan compared to amlodipine on preventing type 2 diabetes in high-risk hypertensive patients: the VALUE trial. J Hypertens 2006;24:1405–1412. RT.

573. Torp-Pedersen C, Metra M, Charlesworth A, Spark P, Lukas MA, Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, Di Lenarda A, Remme W, Scherhaug A. Effects of metoprolol and carvedilol on preexisting and new onset diabetes in patients with chronic heartfailure Data from the Carvedilol or metoprolol European Trial (COMET). Heart 2007, in press. RT.

574. Kaiser T, Heise T, Nosek L, Eckers U, Sawicki PT. Influence of nebivolol and enalapril on metabolic parameters and arterial stiffness in hyper­tensive type 2 diabetic patients. J Hypertens 2006;24:1397–1403. RT.

575. Cushman WC, Reda DJ, Perry HM, Williams D, Abdellatif M, Materson BJ. Regional and racial differences in response to antihypertensive medi­cation use in a randomized controlled trial of men with hypertension in the United States. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Arch Intern Med 2000;160: 825–831. CT.

576. Van Zwieten PA. Centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. In: Mancia G, Chalmers J, Julius S, Saruta T, Weber M editors, Manual of Hyperten­sion. London: Churchill Livingston; 2002. pp. 401–410. RV.

577. Zannad F. Aldosterone antagonist therapy in resistant hypertension. J Hypertens 2007;25:747–750. RV.

578. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2000;283:1967–1975. RT.

579. Nguyen G. Renin/prorenin receptors. Kidney Int 2006;69:1503–1506. RV.

580. Villamil A, Chrysant SG, Calhoun D, Schober B, Hsu H, Matrisciano-Dimichino L, Zhang J. Renin inhibition with aliskiren provides additive antihypertensive efficacy when used in combination with hydro-chlorothiazide. J Hypertens 2007;25:217–226. RT.

581. O’Brien E, Barton J, Nussberger J, Mulcahy D, Jensen C, Dicker P, Stanton A. Aliskiren reduces blood pressure and suppresses plasma renin activity in combination with a thiazide diuretic, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Hyper­tension 2007;49:276–284. RT.

582. Gradman AH, Schmieder RE, Lins RL, Nussberger J, Chiang Y, Bedigian MP. Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and placebo-like tolerability in hypertensive patients. Circulation 2005;111:1012–1018. RT.

583. Pilz B, Shagdarsuren E, Wellner M, Fiebeler A, Dechend R, Gratze P, Meiners S, Feldman DL, Webb RL, Garrelds IM, Jan Danser AH, Luft FC, Muller DN. Aliskiren, a human renin inhibitor, ameliorates cardiac and renal damage in double-transgenic rats. Hypertension 2005;46:569–576.

584. Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Ooi WL, Cohen H, Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Association of the renin-sodium profile with the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 1991;324: 1098–1104. OS.

585. Ruilope LM, Agabiti-Rosei E, Bakris GL, Mancia G, Poulter NR, Taddei S, UngerT, Volpe M, Waeber B, Zannad F. Angiotensin receptor blockers: therapeutic targets and cardiovascular protection. Blood Press 2005; 14:196–209. RV.

586. Waeber B, Burnier M, Brunner HR. Compliance with antihypertensive therapy. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999;21:973–985. RV.

587. Parati G, Omboni S, Rizzoni D, Agabiti-Rosei E, Mancia G. The smooth­ness index: a new, reproducible and clinically relevant measure of the homogeneity of the blood pressure reduction with treatment for hyper­tension. J Hypertens 1998;16:1685–1691.

588. Ambrosioni E, Leonetti G, Pessina AC, Rappelli A, Trimarco B, Zanchetti A. Patterns of hypertension management in Italy: results of a pharmacoepidemiological survey on antihypertensive therapy. Scienti­fic Committee of the Italian Pharmacoepidemiological Survey on Antihypertensive Therapy. J Hypertens 2000;18:1691–1699. OS.

589. Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 random­ised trials. Br Med J 2003;326:1427. MA.

590. Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC. Department of Veterans Affairs single-drug therapy of hypertension study. Revised figures and new data. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Anti-hypertensive Agents. Am J Hypertens 1995;8:189–192. RT.

591. Morgan TO, Anderson AI, MacInnis RJ. ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium blockers, and diuretics for the control of systolic hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:241–247. RV.