Metaphor. Metonymy. Synecdoche. Play on Words. Irony. Epithet.

THEORY REVISION

1. What lexical meanings of a word can you name? Which of them, in most cases, is the most important one?

2. What SDs are based on the use of the logical (denotational) meaning of a word?

3. What is a contextual meaning? How is it used in a SD?

4. What is the difference between the original and the hackneyed SDs?

5. What is a metaphor? What are its semantic, morphological, syntactical, structural, functional peculiarities?

6. What is a metonymy? Give a detailed description of the device.

EXERCISES

I. Analyse the given cases of metaphor from all sides mentioned above-semantics, originality expressiveness, syntactic function, vividness and elaboration of the created image. Pay attention to the manner in which two objects (actions) are identified: with both named or only one — the metaphorized one — presented explicitly:

1. She looked down on Gopher Prairie. The snow stretching without break from street to devouring prairie beyond, wiped out the town's pretence of being a shelter. The houses were black specks on a white sheet.

2. And the skirts! What a sight were those skirts! They were nothing but vast decorated pyramids; on the summit of each was stuck the upper half of a princess.

3. I was staring directly in front of me. at the back of the driver's neck, which was a relief map of boil scars.

4. She was handsome in a rather leonine way. Where this girl was a lioness, the other was a panther-lithe and quick.

5. His voice was a dagger of corroded brass.

6. Wisdom has reference only to the past. The future remains forever a unite field for mistakes. You can't know beforehand.

7. He felt the first watery eggs of sweat moistening the palms of his hands.

8. At the last moment before the windy collapse of the day, I myself took the road down.

9. The man stood there in the middle of the street with the deserted dawnlit boulevard telescoping out behind him.

10. Leaving Daniel to his fate, she was conscious of joy springing in her heart.

II. Indicate metonymies, state the type of relations between die object named and the object implied, which they represent, also pay attention to the degree of their originality, and to their syntactical function:

1. He went about her room, after his introduction, looking at her pictures, her bronzes and clays, asking after the creator of this, the painter of that, where a third thing came from.

2. She wanted to have a lot of children, and she was glad that things were that way, that the Church approved. Then the little girl died. Nancy broke with Rome the day her baby died. It was a secret break, but no Catholic breaks with Rome casually.

3. "Evelyn Clasgow, get up out of that chair this minute». The girl looked up from her book.

"What's the matter?"

"Your satin. The skirt'll be a mass of wrinkles in the back».

4. Except for a lack of youth, the guests had no common theme,, they seemed strangers among strangers; indeed, each face, on entering, had struggled to conceal dismay at seeing others there.

5. She saw around her, clustered about the white tables, multitudes of violently red lips, powdered cheeks, cold, hard eyes, self-possessed arrogant faces, and insolent bosoms.

6. Dinah, a slim, fresh, pale eighteen, was pliant and yet fragile.

7. The man looked a rather old forty-five, for he was already going grey.

8. The delicatessen owner was a jolly fifty.

Лабораторная работа №5. (2 ч.)

Syntactical stylistic devices