WHY MACHINERY IS USED

Many jobs are tedious and unpleasant and often demand a steady supply of properly trained, well paid staff. It can be justifiably argued that many of manual jobs in food industry would be better done by machine, both because it makes the work easier, and because insufficient skilled labour is available. Most of the arguments in favour of the introduction of machinery into industry in general hold good for the food industry. Human beings get tired, take time off to eat and sleep, become sick, take holidays or change jobs, whereas well designed and properly maintained machines will continuously and efficiently do the job for which they were built.

Supplies of raw materials can fluctuate enormously. Sometimes a skilled labour force cannot cope with large amounts of product, so the wastage occurs. Machinery can help to solve such problems.

Machines are not always the solution to a production problem. They may be very expensive to buy and maintain, and are sometimes less flexible and less productive than a trained worker. Nevertheless machines can do many jobs that would be done less well or not at all by manual labour. Machine washed products are better than unwashed. Machine graded products are better than the products, which are not graded. And a steady food product yield of 45 % over long period may be more economic than 50 per cent achieved by the best hand workers at the peak of their performance, which may be only for a short time.

It must be said in conclusion that the benefit of the machine is marked by the following factors:

- Yield (in %)

- Throughput (t/h)

- Manpower

- Operation reliability

Exercise 3. Match the word with its definition.

Exercise 4. Write all possible derivatives of the following verbs.

Exercise 5. Engineers make use of machine tools in all their activities. List as many: a) tools, b) applications of machine tools as possible.

Exercise 6.Fill in the gaps with the words given below:

1. A lot of … jobs in food industry would be better done by machine.

2. Sometimes a … labour force cannot … with large amounts of product.

3. Machines are not always the … to a production problem.

4. It often happens that … of raw materials can … greatly.

5. A steady but not very high food product … may be more economic in practice.

skilled, yield, solution, manual, to fluctuate, supplies, to cope

Exercise 7.Retell the text according to the plan:

Plan

1. manual jobs

2. disadvantages of using human labour

3. fluctuations of raw material supplies

4. disadvantages of using machinery

5. the benefit of using machinery

6. factors marking the benefit

TEXT 3

Exercise 1. Find the words in the dictionary, read and translate them:

Thorough, essential, safeguard, article, output, to clog, to measure, to damage, to break down, to avoid, to sharpen, stoppage, adjustment, replacement, to cut, lubrication, spares, available.

Exercise 2.Read the text