Devices of Connecting Words in a Phrase

Main grammatical devices of connecting words within a phrase are agreement, government, adjoinment (примыкание), incorporation, enclosure (включение).

Agreement consists in combining a head and its adjunct by means of morphological categories they both share. The adjunct assumes the grammatical form of the head (in synthetical languages : Над седой равниной моря , etc. In these languages nouns and adjectives agree in number, gender and case; nouns and verbs agree in gender, person and number).

In English agreement is practically non-existent, we find it only in this book – these books, that book – those books.

On the level of a simple sentence we find formal agreement (he goes).

In government an adjunct assumes a certain grammatical form under the influence of its head word. Government is insignificant in English, observed mostly between nouns and verbs ( help her, help him). Inflectional government occurs between a head noun and a noun in the possessive case ( the student’s answer). Government in English is expressed primarily by prepositions (to arrive at, to rely upon, to result in, to refer to, etc.).

In adjoinment an adjunct is placed before or after the head word without changing its form (cf. isolation). It’s characteristic of analytical and isolated languages (N+N Algebra problem, A+N a wise teacher, D+V run quickly, Adv+Adv very quickly, etc.).

Incorporation consists in enclosing a syntactic structure between parts of a phrase (a life-and-death question). The incorporated formations are studied by morphology, syntax and word-building. It’s an example of overlapping between syntax and morphology. These formations are termed differently: a word syntagm, a word – sentence, a composite word, etc.

Adjoinment is prevalent in English. Agreement and government are insignificant, as to incorporation it is progressing, but remains to be exotic. It’s more frequently used in newspapers( while-you-wait shoe repairs).