The Macro Units

A derivational raw (set) is a group of words built on the same derivational pattern, e.g. fatherless, brotherless.

The word of derivational raw posses the identical affixal morpheme (e.g. - -less)

The words of derivational raw have the same structure meaning, though each of them has a meaning of its own (in the given example the common derivational meaning – devoid of smth denoted by the base )

Derivational cluster (дерево) – is a complex unity of words possesing the same root-morpheme but built on different patterns and characterized by specific organization.

Father

To- -hood - less

-ly

The result of of der. Analysis : simple words, derived, compound words

Або коротко 24 і 25 разом)

There are two levels of approach to the study

of word-structure: the level of morphemic

analysis and the level of derivational or word-formation analysis.

2. The basic unit of the morphemic level is the morpheme defined as

the smallest indivisible two-facet language unit.

3. Three types of morphemic segmentability of words are distinguished

in linguistic literature: complete, conditional and defective. Words

of conditional and defective segmentability are made up of full morphemes

and pseudo (quasi) morphemes. The latter do not rise to the status

of full morphemes either for semantic reasons or because of their unique

distribution.

4. Semantically morphemes fall into root-morphemes and affixational

morphemes (prefixes and suffixes); structurally into free, bound and semifree

(semi-bound) morphemes.

5. The structural types of words at the morphemic level are described

in terms of the number and type of their ICs as monomorphic and polymorphic

words.

6. Derivational level of analysis aims at finding out the derivative

types of words, the interrelation between them and at finding out how different

types of derivatives are constructed.

7. Derivationally all words form two structural classes: simplexes, i.e.

simple, non-derived words and complexes, or derivatives. Derivatives fall

into: suffixal derivatives, prefixal derivatives, conversions and compounds.

The relative importance of each structural type is conditioned by

its frequency value in actual speech and its importance in the existing

word-stock.

Each structural type of complexes shows preference for one or another

part of speech. Within each part of speech derivative structures are characterised

by a set of derivational patterns.

8. The basic elementary units of the derivative structure are: derivational

bases, derivational affixes, derivational patterns.

9. Derivational bases differ from stems both structurally and semantically.

Derivational bases are built on the following language units: a)

stems of various structure, b) word-forms, c) word-groups or phrases.

Each class and subset of bases has its own range of collocability and

shows peculiar ties with different parts of speech.

10. Derivational affixes form derived stems by repatterning derivational

bases. Semantically derivational affixes present a unity of lexical

meaning and other types of meaning: functional, distributional and differential

unlike non-derivational affixes which lack lexical meaning.

11. Derivational patterns (DP) are meaningful arrangements of various

types of ICs that can be observed in a set of words based on their mutual

interdependence. DPs can be viewed in terms of collocability of each IC.

There are two types of DPs — structural that specify base classes and individual

affixes, and structural-semantic that specify semantic peculiarities

of bases and the individual meaning of the affix. DPs of different levels of

generalisation signal: 1) the class of source unit that motivates the derivative

and the direction of motivation between different classes of words; 2)

the part of speech of the derivative; 3) the lexical sets and semantic features

of derivatives.

26. Morphological way of word-formation in the English and Ukrainian languages: suffixation

Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes.

Suffixes usually modify the lexical meaning of the base and transfer words to a, different part of speech. There are suffixes however, which do not shift words from one part of speech into another; a suffix of this kind usually transfers a word into a different semantic group, e.g. a concrete noun becomes an abstract one, as is the case with child — childhood, friend — friendship, etc.

Chains of suffixes occurring in derived words having two and more suffixal morphemes are sometimes referred to in lexicography as compound suffixes: -ably = -able + -ly (e.g. profitably, unreasonably); -ically = -ic + -al + -ly (e.g. musically, critically); -ation = -ate + -ion (e.g. fascination, isolation) and some others.

There are different classifications of suffixes in linguistic literature according to different principles:

1) The part-of-speech classification in which suffixes naturally fall into several groups such as:

a) noun-suffixes, i.e. those forming or occurring in nouns, e.g. -er, -dom, -ness, -ation, etc. (teacher, Londoner, freedom, brightness, justification, etc.);

b) adjective-suffixes, i.e. those forming or occurring in adjectives, e.g. -able, -less, -ful, -ic, -ous, etc. (agreeable, careless, doubtful, poetic, courageous, etc.);

c) verb-suffixes, i.e. those forming or occurring in verbs, e.g. -en, -fy, -ise (-ize) (darken, satisfy, harmonise, etc.);

d) adverb-suffixes, i.e. those forming or occurring in adverbs, e.g. -ly, -ward (quickly, eastward, etc.).

2) Suffixes may also be classified according to the lexico-grammatical character of the base the affix is usually added to:

a) deverbal suffixes (those added to the verbal base), e.g. -er, -ing, -ment, -able, etc. (speaker, reading, agreement, suitable, etc.);

b) denominal suffixes (those added to the noun base), e.g. -less, -ish, -ful, -ist, -some, etc. (handless, childish, mouthful, violinist, troublesome, etc.);

c) de-adjectival suffixes (those affixed to the adjective base), e.g. -en, -ly, -ish, -ness, etc. (blacken, slowly, reddish, brightness, etc.).

3) A classification of suffixes may also be based on the criterion of sense expressed by a set of suffixes. Proceeding from this principle suffixes are classified into various groups within the bounds of a certain part of speech. For instance, noun-suffixes fall into those denoting:

a) the agent of an action, e.g. -er, -ant (baker, dancer, defendant,

etc.);

b) appurtenance, e.g. -an, -ian, -ese, etc. (Arabian, Elizabethan,

Russian, Chinese, Japanese, etc.);

c) collectivity, e.g. -age, -dom, -ery (-ry), etc. (freightage, officialdom, peasantry, etc.);

d) diminutiveness, e.g. -ie, -let, -ling, etc. (birdie, girlie, cloudlet, squireling, wolfling, etc.).

4) Still another classification of suffixes may be worked out if one examines them from the angle of stylistic reference. Just like prefixes, suffixes are also characterised by quite a definite stylistic reference falling into two basic classes:

a) those characterised by neutral stylistic reference such as -able, -er, -ing, etc.;

b) those having a certain stylistic value such as -oid, -i/form, -aceous, -tron, etc.

Suffixes with neutral stylistic reference may occur in words of different lexico-stylistic layers e.g. agreeable, cf. steerable (steerable spaceship); dancer, cf. transmitter, squealer; meeting, cf. monitoring (the monitoring of digestive processes in the body), etc. As for suffixes of the second class they are restricted in use to quite definite lexico-stylistic layers of words, in particular to terms, e.g. rhomboid, asteroid, cruciform, cyclotron, synchrophasotron, etc.

5) Suffixes are also classified as to the degree of their productivity.

27. Morphological way of word-formation in the English and Ukrainian languages: prefixation

Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes.

Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the stem (e.g., write – rewrite, certain – uncertain, йти – перейти, читати – дочитати etc.), but they seldom affect the lexico-grammatical meaning of the word, they don’t change the part of speech of the word.

Prefixes may be classified on different principles. Diachronically distinction

is made between prefixes of native and foreign origin. Synchronically prefixes may be classified:

1)according to the class of words they preferably form.

2)as to the type of lexical-grammatical character of the base they are added to into: a) deverbal, e. g. rewrite, outstay, overdo, etc.; b) denominal, e.g. unbutton, detrain, ex-president, etc. and c) deadjectival, e.g. uneasy, biannual, etc.

3)semantically prefixes fall into mono- and polysemantic;

4)as to the generic denotational meaning there are different groups that are distinguished in linguistic literature:

a) negative prefixes, such as: un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-, e.g. unemployment, non-politician, incorrect, disadvantage, amoral.

b) reversative or privative prefixes, such as un-, de-, dis-, e.g. untie, decentralise, disconnect etc.

c) pejorative prefixes, such as mis-, mal-, pseudo-, e.g. miscalculate, maltreat, pseudoclassicism.

d) prefixes of time and order, such as fore-, pre-, post-, ex-, e.g. foretell, pre-war, post-classical, ex-president.

e) prefix of repetition re-, e.g. rebuild, re-write, etc;

f) locative prefixes, such as super-, sub-, inter-, trans-, e.g. superstructure, subway, inter-continental, trans-atlantic etc.

5)when viewed from the angle of their stylistic reference English prefixes may be classified into:

a)stylistically neutral (occur in all styles: over-, un-, pre-, dis-, sub- etc.)

b)stylistically colored (used only in particular style: pseudo-, contra-, anti-, super- etc.)

6)prefixes may be also classified as to the degree of productivity into highly-productive (can produce a great number of words), productive (still produce many words) and non-productive (don’t make new words).