How concepts change

Group A
Response distributions (four associates) to items appearing on final examination of one class in General Psychology, and on "orientation" pretest of another. Number of blanks and low-frequency responses omitted. N = number of students.

1. Stimulus word: CONTROL
Pretest (N=87) Final (N=115)

Response F RF Response F RF Power (over) 31 .36 Group 58 .50Experiment 21 .24 Experimental 54 .47Sociological Factors 15 .17 Experi(ments, tation) 35 .30Variables 13 .15 Independent Variable 20 .17Self 13 .15 Variables 16 .14Emotions 12 .14 No Special Treatment 15 .13Stimulus (&/or) Response 12 .14 Generic 11 .09Mind 11 .12 Baseline (basis) 9 .08Behavior 8 .09 Validity 7 .06Groups 7 .08 Necessary 6 .05Reward 4 .05Test 4 .05Biological 4 .05

2. Stimulus word: CENTRAL TENDENCY
Pretest (N=87) Final (N=115)

Response F RF Response F RF Habits, Drives, etc. 15 .17 Mode 96 .83X, Median, Mode 12 .13 Median 96 .83Stimulus (&/or) Response 9 .10 Mean 84 .73Cause 7 .08 Average 14 .12Most Likely 7 .08 Standard Deviation (S.D.) 11 .10Physiology Frequency Distribution 9 .08 (brain, nervous system) 6 .07 Graph 6 .05Inward Feelings 6 .07Emotional (love, hate, anger) 5 .06Standard Deviation 4 .05Average 4 .05Behavior 4 .05

Group B
Response distribution (four associates) to items appearing on the pretest and final examination of the same class.

1. Stimulus Word: HABITUATION
Pretest (N=68) Final (N=60)

Response F RF Response F RF Environment 10 .15 Conditioning or Learning 33 .55Habit 5 .07 Clothes 13 .21Continue 3 .04 Adaptation 11 .18Stimulus 2 .03 Perception 9 .15Desires 2 .03 Getting used to 7 .12Need 2 .03 Accustomed 7 .12Home 2 .03 Unaware(ness) 6 .10Life 2 .03 Behavior 5 .08Condition 2 .03 Adjustment 5 .08Response 2 .03 Response 5 .08Exhaustion 2 .03 Environment 4 .07Reflex 2 .03 Motivation 4 .07 Habit Formation 4 .07 Repeated Stimuli 4 .07 Experience 3 .05 Babinski 3 .05

2. Stimulus Word: HOMEOSTASIS
Pretest (N=68) Final (N=60)

Response F RF Response F RF Stable 3 .04 Balance 34 .57Internal Environment 3 .04 Autonomic 17 .28Map 2 .03 Optimal 12 .20Dynamic 2 .03 Equilibrium 11 .18 Tension 9 .15 Behavior 6 .10 Temperature 6 .10 Internal 4 .07

3. Stimulus Term: FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY
Pretest (N=68) Final (N=60)

Response F RF Response F RF Movement 4 .06 Nervous System 17 .28Muscles 2 .03 Motivation 8 .13Self 2 .03 Miser 7 .11Involuntary 2 .03 Homeostasis 3 .05Nerves 2 .03

4. Stimulus Term: ROD-CONE BREAK
Pretest (N=68) Final (N=60)

Response F RF Response F RF Eye 15 .22 Dark Adaptation 23 .38Color 5 .07 Rods-cones 15 .25Sight 2 .03 Rhodopsin 14 .23Nerve 2 .03 Day-night vision 13 .22Back of Eyeball 2 .03 Twilight vision 12 .20 Purkinje (shift, effect or phenonomenon) 11 .18 Eyes 7 .12 Red (lenses, vision, goggles) 7 .12 Vision(ual) 6 .10 Threshold 6 .10

Appendix D-3

Psychology-Zoology 472. Winter Quarter 1963-1964
Item Difficulty List - Final Exam
Maximum points per item (8 X 20) = 160
Four responses; graded 2, 1, 0, -1

Total TotalScore Score on onitem RF Stimulus word item RF Stimulus word157 .98 peck-order 101 .63 consummatory act149 .93 threat 100 .63 habituation148 .93 stickleback 99 .62 mobbing146 .91 queen substance 97 .61 population homeostasis145 .91 jackdaw 96 .60 spacing144 .90 paleontology 95 .59 cortical steroid144 .90 gonadotropins 93 .58 trophallaxis143 .89 innate 92 .58 sensitization141 .88 pheromones 88 .55 "local dialects"140 .88 castes 87 .54 Tribolium confusum139 .87 estrogen 87 .54 intra-specific fighting139 .87 waggle dance after mutual recognition138 .86 population pressure 84 .53 discriminative stimulus138 .86 freezing 81 .51 interspecific signals138 .86 instinct 77 .48 general adaptation syndrome138 .86 dominance-subordination 76 .48 vasopression137 .86 immobilization 76 .48 ecological niche135 .84 comparative method 73 .46 MacDougall134 .84 sage grouse 67 .42 ecosystem134 .84 imprinting 67 .42 king134 .84 hormones of anterior pituitary 66 .41 vacuum activity132 .83 classical conditioning 59 .37 cockatoo131 .82 hypothalamus 58 .36 personal distance129 .81 linear organization 54 .34 individual distance127 .79 reciprocal preening 53 .33 social reflex no. 1126 .79 baboon harem 52 .33 internal releasing mechanisms125 .78 permanent mateship 51 .32 paradigm120 .75 Mesozoic 50 .31 genetic control119 .74 supplementary reproductives 48 .30 activation syndrome118 .74 rate of response 37 .23 epideictic118 .74 hypertrophy of sex glands 35 .22 ecdyson117 .73 master gland 32 .20 genetic drift115 .72 scouts 28 .18 setting operations114 .71 interspecific recognition 28 .18 corpora alata of calls 28 .18 subterritory112 .70 phylogeny 25 .16 French corvids111 .69 LH 24 .15 repletes105 .66 operant 18 .16 cycling in population104 .65 home range 10 .06 statary phase104 .65 mood 6 .04 lek104 .65 response repetoire 2 .01 local enhancement101 .63 S-R; S 0 .00 environmental continum

Appendix D-4

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