Antonyms as a language universal. Types of antonyms in Ukr. and Eng. Languages.

Antonyms are words of the same language belonging to the same part of speech and to the same semantic field, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associated and often used together so that their denotative m-ing render contradictory or contrary notions.

Antonyms form mostly pairs, not groups like synonyms.(e.g. above: below, absent: present, alike: different, швидко: повільно, весело: сумно, тепло: холодно)

Semantic Class

Contradictories are antonyms which denotes notions mutually apposed and denying one another.(e.g. dead: alive, single: married, живий: мертвий, створювати: руйнувати)

Contraries differ from contradictories in having some intermediate number. (e.g. cold: hot(cold: warm are intermediate number), молодий: старий( не молодий: ні старий, середнього віку, літній, нестарий – are intermediate components.)

16. Set-phrases and free-phrases in the English and Ukrainian languages: the problem of differentiation.

Phraseological as a branch of linguistic science studies set-phrases, or phraseological units.

The term “phraseological unit” was introduced by Soviet linguists and is generally accepted In the countries of post-Soviet period.

The term “phraseological unit” is a generic term.

Other terms:

- an idiom, which stresses full or partial transference of meaning of the phrase;

- a set-phrase, which underlines the stability of the componential structure of the phrase

- a word-equivalent, which shows the ability of the phrase to function as if it were a word.

Phraseological units are set-phrases.

The border-line between phraseological units and free word-group is not clearly defined.

The so-called “free word-groups” are very close to set-phrases because

- they can only relatively free

- collectability of their member-words is: fundamentally delimited by their lexical and grammatical valency.