Proto-Indo-European language and comparative linguistics.

When there are no documents of language to be traced the pre-written history of any language is studied by methods of comparative linguistics. It is 200 years old. It all started with a publication of an article by Franz Bopp (1816). The talk is about the so-called I-E language. It is now well-supported with evidence from many languages that there was a language spoken by people in pre-historic times. It was given a name Proto-Indo-European. There are 2 main problems. Actually, when and where it was spoken. The time can hardly be accurately dated. It is dated far back 10000 B.C. – 4000 B.C. In the 15^th thousand B.C. I-E still existed and people spoke it. Why is it so? The most ancient languages are compared like the Hittite, Ancient Greek, Veda. It was found out that the difference between them is so much that the time period between them should be no less than 2000 years. In the 4^th millennium B.C. P-I-E was dead. 10000 B.C. is the most probable time of existing P-I-E homeland. It is based upon linguistic and archeological facts.

Linguistic facts:

1) words denoting the sea (the root mor- denotes the water area)

2) names of the tress

3) names of the rulers

4) names of the devices for cultivating soil (the plough)

Archeological facts:

1) the crockery, the pots, the burial places

2) people in power were buried with what they possessed

3) tools made of stone and absence of metal

4) evidences of transition from gathering food to cultivating soil

5) megalithic culture. Pre-historic monuments were reconstructed with huge stones.

Marina Gimbutas writes that Indo-Europeans lived north-west of the Caucasus and north of the Caspian Sea as for Southern Urals. This result is supported by many scientists. Other locations have been proposed for I-E homeland:

- Northern Central Europe between the Vistula and the Elbe

- Modern Turkey

It was supported by Russians Camkelidze and Ivanov.

What happened to Latin?

Various migrations began. Indo-Europeans were driven from their original homeland to many parts of Europe and Asia. So P-I-E developed in different ways in the various parts of the world to each its speakers traveled. At the beginning of historical times languages that derived from it were spoken from Europe in the west to India in the east. P-I-E was the ancestor language of most of the Europe languages and many of those in South Asia. Its descendants make up the I-E family: Italic (Italian, French, Spanish) group, Balto-Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, and Ukrainian), Indo-Iranian (Modern Persian, Sanskrit, Hindi), Germanic (English, German, Dutch and Flemish).