OBJECT OF LINGUACULTUROLOGY

The object of the LC is the study of the culture through the prism of language (in the context of language); the study of the interaction of language, which is the translator of cultural information, culture and its attitudes and preferences and the person who creates this culture using the language. The object is placed on the "intersection" of several basic sciences - Linguistics and Cultural studies, Ethnography, Psycho-linguistics.

The subject of the study - language units that have acquired symbolic, standard, figurative and metaphorical meaning in culture, and summarize the results of human consciousness - recorded in the myths, legends, rituals, traditions, folklore and religious discourses, poetry and prose literary texts, phraseology and metaphors, symbols, proverbs and sayings.

1) non-equivalent lexicon and lacunas, which are the subject of research of Lingua-countrystudy as well;

2) mythologized language units; archetypes and mythologemes;

3) paremiological fund of language;

4) phraseological fund of language;

5) standards, stereotypes and symbols;

6) metaphors and images of language;

7) stylistic description of language;

8) speech behavior;

9) speech etiquette.

Let's consider in more detail each of them:

1. Non-equvalent language units – lexical units of the source language or dialect that does not have regular (full or partial) lexical correspondences in the target language (V.Vereshchagin, 1983).

To the category of Non-equivalent vocabulary primarily include words denoting specific things and events in the life of this cultural-linguistic community (realia, historicism, and lacuna). Thus, Esquire, cricket firmly associated with England and English culture, words ikebana, sakura, geisha - Japanese; dekhanin, village made irrigation ditch - with Central Asian (Vinogradov, 2001; Mechkovskaya 2000).

A. Sorokin and I.Yu.Markovina called lacunas all that foreign cultural text recipient noticed, but does not understand, everything that seems strange to him and require interpretation, the presence of which means that text is formed from national-specific elements of the culture, namely lacunas. (e.g. watch, clock- часы, дедушка и бабушка-grandparents, квас)

2. Mythologized language units: archetypes, mythologemes, ceremonies, beliefs, rituals, customs fixed in language. In each concrete phraseological unit is reflected not a complete myth, but a mythologeme.

Mythologeme - is an important mythological character, theme, situation, it is like a "main character" of the myth, which can move from myth to myth, or repeated in myths of different nations, cultures (ад, рай, богиня мать). At the heart of the myth, as a rule, there is archetype. Archetype - is a stable image, which appeared everywhere in the individual minds and has a wide spread in culture (S.Senderovich) (архетип мать, герой, спаситель -Геркулес, Синдбад, мудрый старик, старуха). Mythology is the repository of archetypes.

Rite unlike ritual is more durable over time, has a more complex structure and involves several steps. It is accompanied by special songs, dramatic action, dances, mummers, fortune telling, etc. (wedding, funeral).

Ritual is a system of actions made on strictly established order, traditional way and during certain time. According to V. Terner, ritual is an important means of maintenance of the general norms and values of people as a difficult system of ritual is connected with a symbol and so forth action becomes ritual when it loses expediency and becomes a semiotics sign. Ritual magically connected people with nature powers, with personified mythical beings, gods. Rituals are of demonstrative nature committed often in a festive atmosphere, with its ultimate goal to inspire people with certain social sense.

Ceremony. Any action can become a ceremony if it loses expediency and becomes a semiotics sign. The ceremony is closely connected with myths and ritual. The ceremony unlike ritual has more difficult structure, includes some stages and is longer in time.

Charm, spell, incantation, i.e. the harm put with a word, came from ancient times. To get rid of incantation, charm is necessary.

3. Paremiological fund of language, as the majority of proverbs are stereotypes that bear national consciousness. Not all proverbs can be regarded as a subject of LC, since they should reflect cultural identity of people.

4. Phraseological fund of language – the most valuable source of data on culture and mentality of people.

5. Standards, stereotypes, symbols.

A standard -an accepted or approved example of something against which others are judged or measured. A standard figuratively measures the world. It reflects a national outlook of people.

A stereotype is a fixed general image or set of characteristics representing a particular type of person or thing, but which may not be true in reality.

A symbol is something that represents or stands for something else, usually by convention or association, especially a material object used to represent something abstract; an object, person, idea, etc., used in a literary work, film, etc., to stand for or suggest something else with which it is associated either explicitly or in some more subtle way.

6. Metaphors and images. An image is a major language essence which contains the main information about word and culture connection. An image is a mental picture or association of ideas evoked in one’s mind; a mental representation or picture; idea produced by the imagination that which exists in the mind as the product of careful mental activity. Figurativeness is a real property of language units which causes "picture" in our consciousness. A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action that it does not literally denote in order to imply a resemblance. A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in "a sea of troubles" or "All the world's a stage" (Shakespeare). One thing conceived as representing another; a symbol: "Hollywood has always been an irresistible, prefabricated metaphor for the crass, the materialistic, the shallow, and the craven" (N.Gabler).

7. Stylistic description of language- the forms of language existence. Stylistic norms are regular, customary stylistic standards, rules considered to be acceptable in a language; a definite pattern of stylistic usage, departure from which renders a person liable to some kind of censure.

8. Speech behavior, and also any other behavior fixed in nominative units (grammatical and stylistic). Speech behavior is a code of behavior that delineates expectations for social behavior according to contemporary conventional norms within a society, social class, or group.

9. Speech etiquette - socially defined and culturally specific rules of human speech behavior in everyday situations, in accordance with their social and psychological roles, personal relations in the formal and informal communication environments. Etiquette - conventional requirements as to social -behavior; proprieties of conduct as established in any class or community or for any occasion; a prescribed or accepted code of usage in matters of ceremony, as at a court or in official or other formal observances; the code of ethical behavior regarding professional practice or action among the members of a profession in their dealings with each other: medical etiquette.