Примесная электропроводность.
Если в полупроводнике имеются примеси других веществ, то дополнительно к собственной электропроводности появляется ещё примесная электропроводность, которая в зависимости от рода примесей может быть электронной или дырочной. Например, германия, будучи четырёхвалентным, обладает примесной электронной проводимостью, если к нему добавлены пятивалентные сурьма (Sb), мышьяк (As), или фосфор (P).
Их атомы взаимодействуют с атомами германия только четырьмя своими электронами, а пятый электрон они отдают в зоны проводимости. В результате добавляется некоторое число электронов проводимости.
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Возникновение примесной электронной электропроводимости
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Примеси, атомы которых отдают электроны, называют донорами. Атомы доноров, теряя электроны, сами заряжаются положительно.
Полупроводники с преобладанием электронной проводимости называют полупроводниками n-типа.
Если же четырёхвалентный германий содержит примеси трёхвалентных: бора (B), индия (In) или алюминия (АL), то их атомы отнимают электроны от атомов германия и в последних образуются дырки.
Полупроводники с преобладанием дырочной электропроводности называют дырочными полупроводниками p-типа. Вещества, отбирающие электроны и создающие примесную дырочную электропроводность, называют акцепторами (принимающий). Атомы акцептора захватывая электроны, сами заряжаются отрицательно.
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Рис. 1.8. Возникновение примесной дырочной электропроводимости
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