Who was I.M. Gubkin

Known as the Father of Soviet Oil Geology, I.M. Gubkin was born in 1871 in the Village of Pozdnyakovo in what is now Nizhegorodsky region. After graduating from the St. Petersburg Mining Institute, Gubkin traveled in 1917 to the United States to study the country’s oil industry. He was later appointed as the head of the Soviet Oil Industry Council before becoming the Dean of the Moscow Mining Academy in 1922. Then, he became the Dean of the new Moscow Institute of Oil, which grew out of the Petroleum Engineering faculty when the Moscow Mining Academy was reorganized into six different higher education institutions in 1930. The new Moscow Institute of Oil was named in honor of its first director- a unique case in Russia, a country where universities are seldom dedicated to a person still living.

Formation of Oil

Oil-combustible, oily liquid, which is a mixture of hydrocarbons, red-brown, sometimes almost black, although they occasionally and weakly stained in yellow-green and even colorless oil, has a peculiar smell, common in the sedimentary shell of the Earth, today is one of the important for humanity minerals.

Oil is found together with gaseous hydrocarbons at depths ranging from tens of meters to 5-6 km. However, at depths of more than 4,5-5 km is dominated by gas and gas condensate deposits with minor amounts of light fractions. Maximum number of oil fields located at depths of 1-3 km. At shallow depths and is naturally connected to the earth's surface oil is converted into a thick Malta, semi-solid asphalt and other education - such as tar sands and bitumen. According to the chemical nature and origin of oil is close to the natural gas fuel, ozokerite and asphalt. Sometimes these Fuels unite under a common name petrolitov and refer to a more extensive group of the so-called caustobioliths – combustible minerals of biogenic origin, which also include fossil solid fuel – peat and brown coals, anthracite coal, shale. By the ability to dissolve in organic liquids (carbon disulphide, chloroform, spirtobenzolnoy mixture) of oil, as well as other petrolity, as well as substances derived from these solvents, peat, coals, or by­products, usually referred to a group of bitumen.

The process of formation of oil began millions of years ago with the development of life and continues to this day. Oil declared a non-renewable sources of energy, a person can not create a new oil field in the short term.

Oil and combustible gas accumulates in porous rocks called reservoirs. A good collector is a layer of sandstone, a prisoner among the impermeable rocks, such as clays or shales, preventing leaks of oil and gas from natural reservoirs. The most favorable conditions for the formation of oil and gas fields occur in cases where a layer of sandstone is bent in the crease, facing arch upwards. The upper part of the dome is filled with gas, oil is lower, but still below - water.

Oil production is carried out by mankind since ancient times. First, primitive methods were used: collection of oil from the surface of reservoirs, treatment of sandstone or limestone, saturated with oil, using the wells. The first method is still used by the Medes and Syria, the second - in the 15 century in Italy. But the beginning of the development of the oil industry is considered to be the time of appearance of the mechanical drilling of oil in 1859 in the U.S., and now virtually all the world's oil is extracted by drilling wells.

For over a hundred years of development have dwindled some deposits were discovered others, improved the efficiency of oil production, increased oil recovery, the completeness of the extraction of oil from the reservoir. However, the structure of fuel production.

The main machine for extracting oil and gas - drilling rig. The first drills that have appeared hundreds of years ago, in fact, backed up working with a crowbar. Only scrap from these early machines were heavier and the shape of a bit more. It's called - the drill bit. His suspended on a rope, which is then raised by the gate, then lowered. These machines are called the cable-. They can be found here and there and now, but it's already yesterday technique: very slowly so they punched a hole in the stone, very many of the costs of energy wasted.