Your Essential Assignments

I. Quick check:

1. During photosynthesis, what gas is:

a.raw material

b. product?

2. Give the precise location in a typical terrestrial plant of:

a.the light-dependent stage

b. the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

II. Fill in the missing words:

Term (verb)	Noun	Adjective
react	.......	.......
accumulate	.......	.......
produce	.......	.......
require	.......	.......
connect	.......	.......

III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:

plant, leave, ingredient, substance, raw, energy.

IV. Match these words with their definitions:

	Photosynthesis	A.	a type of solid or liquid that has particular characteristics
	Chlorophyll	B.	natural light that comes from the sun
	Substance	C.	one of several good substances such as sugar which consist of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon and which provide your body with heat and energy
	Soil	D.	the green substance in leaves
	Respiration	E.	one of the many substances that exist in food such as meat, eggs, and beans, which help your body to grow and keep it strong and healthy
	Waste	F.	a chemical substance produced by living cells in plants and animals, that causes changes in other chemical substances without being changed itself
7.	Sunlight	G.	the production by a green plant of special substances like sugar that it uses as food, caused by the action of sunlight on chlorophyll
8.	Glucose	H.	the smallest part of a living thing that can exist independently
9.	Protein	I.	the process of breathing
	Fat	J.	things that people and animal eat
	Carbohydrate	K.	a very thin piece of skin that covers or connects parts of the body
12.	food	L.	a natural form of sugar that exists in fruit
13.	enzyme	M.	the top layer of the earth in which plants grow
14.	cell	N.	Unwanted materials or substances that are left after you have used something
15.	membrane	O.	an oily substance contained in certain foods

V. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:

№	Russian term	English equivalent
1.	прием и переваривание пищи
2.	пищеварительный тракт
3.	вместо…
4.	сложные вещества
5.	происходит только при свете
6.	химические реакции
7.	главная пищеварительная среда
8.	производить свою собственную еду
9.	способность растений получать энергию от солнца
10.	клеточная активность
11.	состоит из двух мембран

VI. Give Russian equivalents to the following English terms:

№	English term	Russian equivalent
	to be rich in carbohydrates, proteins and fats
	simple ingredients
	a waste product
	raw materials
	external source of free energy
	to be supplied by sunlight
	light-dependent stage
	light-independent stage
	to form cell walls
	complex organic substances
	the main site of photosynthesis
	a fluid-filled compartment

VII. Find synonyms among the pool of words:

Pool of words	Synonyms
1)1.plant /2.substance /3. material /4.herb
2)1.digestion /2.energy /3.assimilation /4. power
3)1.obtain /2.act /3.connect /4.join /5.react /6.get
4)1.gather/2.enclose /3.surround /4.accumulate

VIII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:

1. What is plant material rich in?

2. Do plants make their food for themselves?

3. What is chlorophyll?

4. What is the role of chlorophyll?

5. What process is called photosynthesis?

6. What are two main stages in photosynthesis?

7. What is the difference between light-dependent and light-independent stage?

8. What is the main site of photosynthesis in most plants?

IX. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences:

1.	Most plants have no structures	A.	plants make it for themselves using simple ingredients.
2.	Instead of obtaining their food from other organisms,	B.	to trap light energy and use it to make sugars.
3.	A typical plant takes in carbon dioxide (from the air) and water (from the soil)	C.	which contain all the biochemical machinery necessary for the light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis.
4.	A green substance, chlorophyll, enables the plant	D.	as the raw material for other chemical reactions.
5.	The process of using sunlight to build up complex substances from simpler ones is	E.	and builds these up into sugars and other complex substances.
6.	There are two main stages in photosynthesis: a light-dependent stage in which water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen using light energy;	F.	for ingesting and digesting food.
7.	The glucose formed by photosynthesis is used	G.	And light-independent stage in which the hydrogen reacts with carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate.
8.	These green parts have chloroplasts,	H.	called photosynthesis.

X. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:

Fact of life:

It has been estimated that if all the land surface of the Earth could support plants, enough food could be produced to feed 1000 billion people. Of course, this is unrealistic because not all land is suitable for growing plants, and some land is needed for urban and recreational uses. However, even if only 7 per cent of the land surface were made agriculturally productive, plants could produce enough food to support 79 billion people. According to United Nations estimates, in 1994 the world population was 5.6 billion and is likely to be about 8.2 billion by 2025.

XI. Food for thought:

Less than one per cent of the solar energy that falls on the Earth is used by plants for photosynthesis. Suggest what happens to the other 99 per cent of solar energy.

Text 7.2 Factors Affecting The Rate Of Photosynthesis

■ Essential targets:

By the end of this text you should be able to:

● describe the main factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis;

● explain the meaning of the compensation point;

● define the law of limited factors.

Pre-reading

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