III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could
the words given below mean:
nutrient; sunlight; poison; breakdown; harmful.
IV. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
| № | Russian term | English equivalent |
| 1. | общепринятое определение | |
| 2. | выполнять (проводить) специальные функции | |
| 3. | тот же самый вид растения; животного | |
| 4. | постоянное увеличение размера | |
| 5. | исходя из (на основании) сухого веса | |
| 6. | из-за количества потребляемой воды | |
| 7. | ускорять обмен веществ | |
| 8. | улучшать шансы на выживание | |
| 9. | с помощью технологических приборов | |
| 10. | до некоторой степени | |
| 11. | поддерживание постоянных условий | |
| 12. | происходить постепенно | |
| 13. | определять характеристики организма | |
| 14. | реагировать на условия окружающей среды | |
| 15. | известен как |
V. Give Russian equivalents to the following English terms:
| № | English term | Russian equivalent |
| 1. | living things share certain basic characteristics | |
| 2. | to reach the size and level of complexity | |
| 3. | to measure by increase in linear dimensions (length; heights) | |
| 4. | temporary changes | |
| 5. | transform one form of energy into another | |
| 6. | to obtain nutrient chemicals | |
| 7. | to make their own food | |
| 8. | energy–rich molecule | |
| 9. | sensitive to certain changes in their environment | |
| 10. | degree of responsiveness | |
| 11. | moving toward favourable stimuli | |
| 12. | wide variety of stimuli | |
| 13. | energy–requiring processes | |
| 14. | to be known as |
VI. Find synonyms among the pool of words:
| Pool of words | Synonyms |
| 1) 1.determine/2.start/3.change/4.alter/5.define/6.begin | |
| 2) 1.breath/2.initiate/3.happen/4.respiration/5.occur/6.start | |
| 3) 1.investigation /2.dimension /3.research /4.size | |
| 4) 1.due to/2.possess/3.ruin/4.because of/5.have/6.destroy |
VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:
1. Have scientists provided a universally accepted definition of life?
2. What is a living thing?
3. What is a non-living thing?
4. What can living things do that non-living things can not?
5. What do cells contain?
6. What does genetic information determine?
7. How is growth brought about?
8. Can heat be used to drive biological processes?
9. How do living things acquire energy and nutrients?
10. What do living things need to stay alive?
11. What does the degree of responsiveness depend on?
12. How do movements of living things differ from those of non-living?
13. What is homeostasis?
VIII. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences:
| 1. | Biologists are making discoveries | A. | those of non-living things by being energy-requiring processes arising from within cells. |
| 2. | Growth is accompanied by | B. | one of the main features of living things. |
| 3. | DNA contains genetic information which | C. | are transforming one form of energy into another. |
| 4. | Movements of living things differ from | D. | all living things share certain basic characteristics. |
| 5. | Reproduction is | E. | chemicals are packed into highly organized structures. |
| 6. | To stay alive living thing | F. | an increase in complexity. |
| 7. | Most scientists think that | G. | determines the characteristics of an organism, including how it will grow and develop. |
| 8. | In living things | H. | which will affect all our lives. |
IX. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
Fact of life:
The continued existence of life depends on reproduction, and this is perhaps the most characteristic feature of living things. Reproduction allows both continuity and change. Over countless generations this has allowed species to become well suited to their environment, and life to evolve gradually to more complex forms.
X. Food for thought:
a) You might be familiar with the mnemonic (memory aid) `Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain` for remembering the colors of the spectrum – red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Suggest a mnemonic for the ten characteristic features of living things described in this unit. You can change the order of the features.
b) Robots can move and respond, and require energy to maintain their organization and a constant internal environment. How would you argue that robots are non-living objects? A robot could be made that has all the characteristic features of living things. Would it still be non-living?
XI. Translate into English using all the active possible:
1. Биологическая наука изучает все живые организмы, населяющие нашу планету.
2. Даже в самые отдаленные времена люди пытались понять окружающий их мир и обладали довольно обширными знаниями о растениях и животных.
3. Современная биология начала развиваться в XVII веке.
4. Микроскоп, изобретенный Левенгуком, позволил ученым обнаружить мир микроорганизмов.
5. В XVIII веке Карл Линней заложил основы современной классификации живых существ.
6. Законы наследственности и принцип естественного отбора были сформулированы в XIX веке.
7. В наши дни знания человека в области биологии растут очень быстро благодаря компьютерным технологиям.
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