Synchronic approach.
Vinogradov – semantic classification based on the degree of the cohesion of the phraseological units. He classified them into 3 groups
1) Phraseological combinations / collocations. They are motivated – we can deduce the meaning knowing the meaning of the words of the phrase, one word having the transfer of meaning (“to have lunch”).
2) Phraseological unities – motivated but the components’ meanings are not direct (not all of them), the metaphore being slight and transparent (“to lose one’s head”).
3) Phraseological fusions – non-motivated word-combinations. One can’t deduce the whole meaning with the help of the components. Full transfer of meaning occurs (“white elephant”).
Structural classification – according to the key word of the phrase:
1) Verbal;
2) Substantive;
3) Adjectival:
4) Adverbial;
5) Interjectional.
Classification by Smirnitsky.
1) one-summit units (phraseological units with one meaningful part) – phrasal verbs, verbal, adverbial phrases (“to be tired of”);
2) multi-summit units (more than one meaningful part) – attributive substantive, verbal, adverbial (“white lie”).
Communicative classification by Kunin.
1) idioms – stable word-groups characterized by complete or partial transfer of meaning;
2) semi-idioms;
3) phraseological units;
4) communicative phraseological units (proverbs, sayings).
Diachronic approach.
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