? 5

 

3.8.

( ). 20.

1. - (. 8).

2. ( , . 5.5).

3. ( , . 5.5).

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. .

, (. 8). , -, . 11, . , , 7- .


.5.9.

, . , . , ( ) . (.. ) 90 , . , . , 90 , .

, , . , , , . 58, , , . , . , .

. , , . : , - 60, - .


I. Altman D.G. The scandal of poor medical research // BMJ. 1994.
Vol. 308. - . 283A.

2.Jefferson ., GodleeF. PeerReviewin Health Sciences. - Lond.: BMJ Books, 1999.

3. Sackett D.L., Haynes R.B., Guyatt G.H., Tugwell P. Clinical Epidemiology aBasic Science orClinicalMedicine. Lond.: Little, Brown, 1991.

4. Sackett D.L., Richardson W.S., Rosenberg W.M.C., Haynes R.B. Evidence Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. 2nd ed. Lond.: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.

5. Crombie I.M. The Pocket Guide to Critical Appraisal. Lond.: BMJ Publications, 1996.

6. FletcherR.H., FletcherS.W., WagnerE.H. Clinical Epidemiology: the Essentials. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1996.

7. Rose G., Barker D.J.P. Epidemiology for the Uninitiated. 4th ed. Lond.: BMJ Publications, 1999.

8. OxmanA.D., Sackett D.S., Guyatt G.H. Users' guides to the medical literature. I. Howto get started // JAMA. - 1993. - Vol. 270. - P. 2093-2095.

9. Guyatt G.H., Sackett D.L., Cook D.J. Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid? // Ibid. - P. 2598-2601.

10. Guyatt G.H., Sackett D.L., Cook D.J. Users' guides to the medical
literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. B. What
were the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? // Ibid.
1994. -Vol. 271. -P. 59-63.

II. Jaeschke R., Guyatt G., Sackett D.L. Users' guides to the medical
literature. III. Howto use an article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results
of the study valid? // Ibid. - P. 389-391.

12. Jaeschke R., Guyatt G., Sackett D.L. Users' guides to the medical literature. III. ,'Howto use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? // Ibid. 703-707.

13. Levine M., Walter S., Lee H. et al. Users' guides to the medical literature. IV. Howto use an article about harm// Ibid. P. 16151619.

14. Laupacis A., Wells G., Richardson W.S., Tugwell P. Users' guides to the medical literature. V. Howto use an article about prognosis. // Ibid. P. 234-237.


15. A.D., Cook D.J., Guyatt G.H. Users' guides to the medical literature. VI. Howto use an overview// Ibid. - Vol. 272. - P. 1367-1371.

16. Richardson W.S., Detsky A.S. Users' guides to the medical literature. VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis. A. Are the results of the study valid? //Ibid. - 1995. - Vol. 273. - P. 1292-1295.

17. Richardson W.S., Detsky A.S. Users' guides to the medical literature. VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis. B. What are the results and will Ihey help me in caring for my patients? // Ibid. P. 1610-1613.

18. Hayward R.S.A.,Wilson M.C., Tunis S.R- et al. Users' guides to the inedical literature. VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. A. Are the recommendations valid? // Ibid. Vol. 274. P. 570.

19. Wllson M.C., Hayward R.S., Tunis S.R- et al. Users' guides to the inedical literature. VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. B. Will the recommendations help me in caring for my patients? // ibid. P. 1630 1632.

20. Guyatt G.H., Sackett D.L., Sinclair J.C. et al. Users' guides to the medical literature. IX. A method for grading health care recommendations. // Ibid. - P. 1800.

21. Naylor C.D., Guyatt G.H. Users' guides to the medical literature. X. Howto use an article reporting variations in the outcomes of health services // Ibid. - 1996. - Vol. 275. - P. 554-558.

22. Naylor C.D., Guyatt G.H. Users' guides to the medical literature. XI. Howto use an article about a clinical utilization review// Ibid. P. 1435 1439.

 

23. Guyatt G.H., Naylor C.D., Juniper E. et al. Users' guides to the medical literature. XII. How to use articles about health-related quality of life // Ibid. - 1997. - Vol. 277. - P. 1232-1237.

24. DrumtnondM.F., Richardson W.S., 0'Brien B.J. eral. Users' guides to the medical literature. XIII. Howto use an article on economic analysis of elinical practice. A. Are the results of the study valid? // Ibid. P. 1552 1557.

25. 0'Brien B.J., Heyland D., Rlchardson W.S. et al. Users' guides to the medical literature. XIII. How to use an article on economic analysis of elinical practice. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? // Ibid. - P. 1802-1806.

26. Dans A.L., Dans L.F., Guyatt G.H., Richardson S. Users' guides to the medical literature. XIV. How to decide on the applicability of clinical trial results to your patient // JAMA. - 1998. - Vol. 279. - P. 545-549.


27. Richardson W.S., Wilson M.C., Guyatt G.H. et al. Users' guides to the medical literature. XV. How to use an article about disease probability for differential diagnosis//Ibid. - 1999. - Vol. 281. - P. 1214-1219.

28. Guyatt G.H., SinclairJ., Cook D.J., Glasziou P. Users' guides to the medical literature. XVI. Howto use a treatment recommendation // Ibid. P. 1836-1843.

29. Barratt A., IrwigL., Glasziou P. et al. Users' guides to the medical literature: XVII. How to use guidelines and recommendations about screening// Ibid. - P. 2029-2034.

30. Randolph A.G., Haynes R.B., Wyatt J.C. et al. Users' guides to the medical literature. XVIII. Howto use an article evaluating the clinical impact of a computer-based clinical decision support system // Ibid. Vol. 282. P. 67-74.

31. Giacomini M.K., Cook D.J. A user's guide to qualitative research in health care. Part I: Are the results of the study valid? // JAMA. - 2000. -R 357-362.

32. Giacomini M.K., Cook D.J. A user's guide to qualitative research in health . Part II: What are the results and how do they help me care for my patients? // Ibid. - P. 478-482.

33. Popper K. Conjectures and Refutations: the Growth of Scientific Knowledge. - N.Y.: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963.

34. Thornton J.G., Ulford R.J., Johnson N. Decision analysis in medicine // BMJ. - 1992. - Vol. 304. - P. 1099-1103.

35. Thornton J.G., Lilford R.J. Decision analysis for medical managers // Ibid. - 1995. -Vol. 310. - P. 791.

36. DowieJ. Evidence-based, cost-effective, and preference-driven medicine //J. Health Serv. Res. Policy. - 1996. - Vol. 1. - P. 104-113.

37. ISIS-2 Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of intravenous
streptokinase, aspirin, both, or neither among 17187 cases of suspected acute
myocardial infarction: ISIS-2 // Lancet. - 1988. - Vol. 2. - P. 349-360.

38. http://cebm.jr2.ox.ac.uk/docs/studies.html.

39. Sackett D.L.,Wennberg J.E. Choosing the best research design for each question // BMJ. - 1997. - Vol. 315. - P. 1636.

40. Stewart L.A., Partnar M.K.B. Bias in the analysis and reporting of randomized conirolled trials // Int. J. Technol. Assess Health Care. 1996. Vol. 12. - P. 264-275.

41. L.A., Rennle D. Influences on the quality of published drug studies // Ibid. - P. 209-237.


42. Maclntyre I.M.C. Tribulations for clinical trials. Poor recruitment is li;unperingresearch//BMJ. - 1991. - Vol. 302. - P. 1099-1100.

43. Stern J.M., Simes R.J. Publication bias: evidence of delayed I ihlication in a cohort study of clinical research projects // Ibid. 1997. Vol. 315. R 640-645.

44. FarrellB. Efficient management of randomized controlled trials: nature ..i nurture // Ibid. - 1998. - Vol. 317. - P. 1236-1239.

45. McCormack J., Greenhaigh T. Seeing what you want to see in i.nidomized controlled trials: versions and perversions of the UK PDS data // Ibid. - 2000. - Vol. 320. - R 720-723.

 

46. Lumley J., Bastian H. Competing or complementary: ethical ronsiderations and the quality of randomized trials // Int. J. Technol. Assess. I lealth . - 1996. - Vol. 12. - P. 247-263.

47. Mays N.. Pope C. (eds). Qualitative Research in Health Care. 2nd ed. - Lond.: BMJ Publications, 2000.

48. Altman D. Better reporting of randomized controlled trials: the CONSORT statement // BMJ. - 1996. - Vol. 313. - P. 570-571.

49. JadadA.R. Randomized Controlled Trials: a User's Guide. Lond.: BMJ Publications, 1998.

50. Brltton ., McKee M., Black N. et al. Choosing between randomized and non-randomized studies: a systematic review// Health Technol. Assess. 1998.-Vol. 2.-P. 1-124.

51. Doll R., Hill A.B. Mortality in relation to smoking: ten years' observationsonBritishdoctors//BMJ. - 1964. - No. I. - P. 1399-1414, 1460-1467.

52. Doll R., Peto R. Mortality in relation to smoking: ten years' observations on British doctors // Ibid. - 1976. - No. II. - 1525-1536.

53. Doll R., Peto R., Wheatley K, Gray R,. Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors // Ibid. 1994. - Vol. 309. - P. 901-911.

54. Guillebaud J. The Pill. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

55. Macnaughton J. Anecdote in clinical practice // Narrative Based Medicine: Dialogue and Discourse in Clinical Practice. / Eds T. Greenhalgh, B. Hurwitz. - Lond.: BMJ Publications, 1999. - P. 202-211.

56. McBride W.G. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities // Lancet. 1961. - Vol. 2. - R 1358.

57. Pohjola-Sintonen S., Viitasalo M., Toivonen L., Neuvonen P. Itraconazole prevents terfenadine metabolism and increases the risk of


torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia // Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1993.-Vol. 45.-P. 191-193.

58. Middle C, Johnson A., Petty T, Sims L., Macfarlane A. Ethics approval for a national postal survey: recent experience // BMJ. - 1995. -Vol. 311. - P. 659-660.

59. Olde Rickert M.G.M., ten Have H.A.M.J., Hoemagels W.H.L. Informed consent in biomedical studies on ageing: survey of four journals // Ibid. - 1996. - Vol. 313. - . 1117.

60. IVitamin Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects. Results of the MRC Vitamin Study// Lancet. - 1991. - Vol. 338. - P. 131-137.


4

 

3.1 , , . 5 , , , :

?

?

?

(.. )?

, ?

.

 

4.1. ?

, - . . , . ( ) , , , . , , . - , , .


, .

, , ?

( )?

-, ?

( , ) ?

; , , , ?

 

4.2. ?

, - , ?. , , , , . , () :

, ;

, ;

, , ;

, , ;

, - .

, , , .


?

, , , . (recruitment bias), , , , . ( 10- ), .

?

, , , . . , , , 3. 23 . , 4, . 5.

?

, , , . , , , , , , .

?

, ? ? , ? , ?


, .

 

4.3. ?

, (critical appraisal) . .

?

. , , ( ) . ( 4.1) ( ) , , .

?

, -, , , , (, , ). , , , . (), , 6.3.

(, ), (, ), (, ) (, ) . , , . , ,


4.1.  
( )
, - - , , , - 100 % -
, , - , - , -
- , 15 - , 2 ; - , -
100 - 167 - () 1218 ( 85 ) ; 100(31 ) - - ( , - - )
- - - , ...; ... - (- - , - )
- - - . - , - , , - -
- - , (. 8.1) -

. : , , , .

 

4.4. ?

(Geoffrey Rose) (David Barker) , 7. (, , ), , . , . .

() . 3.3 , ; . 4.1. , .

, . ( ) , (, ) (, ), (, , ) (, ). , . , - -



p_1_[-U,)_3R_dS_%ݵ"_.u,/C,S_ڱ_h`_____Dkp%_D_ _____Mf_ ___ոp6X__N__FW@|*ti JBQb>_Y"#z7m[_M+_j__V_2B____@__K8NC____Q@:$_.p.U_"-dfc!s_?$h_m__[,e__jr v_8,EY_@___-@___ @_K3z_"a=_#_B.y!6tbFт]zVH-_A[_ 9Ά___ @___j____@!__sKy/ի]8HJa8ZX;(NEm_,;Md_hw|`_ۙڕ)___U!___ _E__(_eF___*PX˪_tampꔱRq_Wl鍪_i_B^,_ٳ_XnhH]V|jrE@^v1t/릋K;d_+6I:,j.B______p4ډR"__ _(]_P_u_x2szq__ߚ_5__(MY$m8hS__lՖ_E q:__ ___ _n;"___T_^_Zb^qqpV[_DϪgW6m_G-@Hz_da% Ѕ!kzEG) =Jd_@_____Z ߟl9___ ___ ___ ___<q____L_@____@____@___-@__ __@____@____@_@___a&___@____@____@_f___7_____@____@____@ ___@____@____@____@ __n_G____@____@_____D_8_f2A____@____@____h__p[_@____@____@_____ __L_@____@____@___-@__ __@____@____@_@___a&___@____@____@_f___7_____@____@____@ ___@____@____@____@ __n_G____@____@_____D_8_f2A____@____@____h__p[_@____@____@_____ __L_@____@____@___-@__ __@____@____@_@___a&___@____@____@_f___7_____@____@____@ ___@____@____@____@ __n_G____H@[[[*_DB<_@_(_sr-(;__ ___lWIMwtx_^__'K_ ____j_,_p<ZZ ___ ___ ____ _ ___ ___ ___$B_8_L%_@____@____@______ ___ ___ ___ _ND3SI__@____@____@___`___ _ڋ.o_`=GMmw^/aM,_wU7 K*0ԥ,+`NB_______p__"!___֎o_[7A<t1Wu @Xt^ȏ_5_Sug]1<_d___ __z___ dm>8?+_.5w_z? _V9C/di:2 ___ P*@_L@____H`k|)>6b8_S"ߧ&!_^'Nَܩ,-_BK<pg`ms8PkQ?Qf=W.ʣOIL4`]qwj]bX_o2WD:_ ___ __MSP___@ _[_ΨQ___H___n1tM_F_nS>$vCK>9+_1__gCwOzw!5,Śί)FY-KUxV_iݏ)]mw__遁syśՄs[X?Eyka=-f5vS_'lf/__ @__֢_____=w~ŗǗuxmw_8]>)Lc[rz,񽗨_~֕X,lӱ=e뺵w~_r^_+oc+_Z_t,___ayӫfU_v__L_(_V___ H__D6;F_____!]?U3>Glwũ








: 2015-09-21; : 544;


:

.

:

, .
helpiks.org - . - 2014-2024 . . |
: 0.036 .